Static structures (e.g. – buildings) – Openwork; e.g. – truss – trellis – grille – screen – frame – or... – Three-dimensional space-defining
Patent
1997-11-19
1999-12-21
Smith, Creighton
Static structures (e.g., buildings)
Openwork; e.g., truss, trellis, grille, screen, frame, or...
Three-dimensional space-defining
526532, 52690, E04H 1200
Patent
active
060032804
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This invention relates to modular frames for buildings and buildings constructed from such frames, and more particularly to high quality buildings that can be erected quickly and at low cost from tubular steel modular frame units that are fabricated off site and trucked to the building site where they are bolted together into a building frame by a small work crew without the use of heavy equipment.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Conventional building practice for residence housing relies primarily on wood frame construction in which the building frame is constructed on site from framing lumber cut to fit piece-by-piece individually. It is a labor intensive process and demands considerable skill from the carpenters to produce a structure that has level floors, perfectly upright walls, square corners and parallel door and window openings. Even when the building frame is constructed with the requisite care and skill, it can become skewed by warping of the lumber, especially modern low grade lumber produced on tree farms with hybrid fast-growth trees.
Although conventional wood frame buildings require very little equipment for construction, they have become quite costly to build. The labor component of the cost is substantial, partly because of the straight wages that must be paid for the long laborious process of constructing the frame, and partly because of the many government mandated extra costs such as workman's compensation and liability insurance, social security payments, medical insurance premiums, and the host of reports that must be made to the Government by employers. Accordingly, employers now seek to minimize their work force by whatever means is available to minimize these burdensome costs.
Steel frame construction is commonly used on commercial buildings because of its greater strength, fire resistance and architectural design flexibility. The parts of the such a steel frame are typically built to order in accordance with the architect's plans, then trucked to the building site and assembled piece-by-piece with the use of a portable crane. The building can be made precisely and as strong as needed, but the cost is relatively high because of the skilled crew and expensive equipment need to assemble the building. It is a construction technique generally considered unsuitable for single family residence building because the cost is high and the building walls are substantially thicker than those made using standard frame construction, so standard door and window units do not fit properly and must be modified with special trim that rarely produces an aesthetic appearance.
Earthquake damage is becoming a matter of increasing concern among homeowners because of the publicity given to damage and loss of life in recent earthquakes in the U.S. and abroad. Earthquake preparedness stories and advice abound, but an underlying unresolved concern is that conventional wood frame homes in the past were not built to tolerate the effects of an earthquake, neither in its ultimate load-bearing capability nor its serviceability limits. Modern building codes attempt to address this concern, but the measures they require merely add to the already high cost of a new home and may not always provide significantly improved resistance to earthquake damage, particularly with respect to after-quake serviceability.
Fire often follows an earthquake, as happened in the disastrous Kobe earthquake of 1994, and of course fire is a major threat to homes independent of earthquake. When fire breaks out in a conventional home, the wood frame fuels the fire and reduces the chances of successfully extinguishing it before the entire structure is destroyed. The major life saving advance in the recent past is the fire alarm which detects the fire and merely alerts the occupants that a fire has started so they may escape before burning up with the house, but significant improvements to the fire resistance of the home itself that would retard the spread of the fire would be desirable.
The other major catastrophic threat to homes is wind. Wi
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patent: 3213580 (1965-10-01), Mark
patent: 3664513 (1972-05-01), Atwater
patent: 5657606 (1997-08-01), Ressel et al.
Inter-Steel Structures, Inc.
Neary J. Michael
Smith Creighton
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