Chemistry: electrical current producing apparatus – product – and – Current producing cell – elements – subcombinations and... – Electrode
Reexamination Certificate
1999-09-23
2001-11-27
Chaney, Carol (Department: 1745)
Chemistry: electrical current producing apparatus, product, and
Current producing cell, elements, subcombinations and...
Electrode
C423S596000, C252S182100
Reexamination Certificate
active
06322928
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to certain modified lithium vanadium oxides. Included are preferred oxides according to the general formula Li
x
V
3−&dgr;
M
&dgr;
O
8
, wherein M can be a variety of cations (or a mixture of cations). The invention concerns the utilization of such oxide materials as electrode materials, for example, as cathode materials in lithium batteries. The disclosure concerns preferred formulations of such materials, preferred methods for preparation, products including such materials and methods of use.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The negative electrode (anode) of a high density lithium battery typically comprises one or more of a variety of any suitable lithium-containing substances such as: metallic lithium; lithium-metal alloys; lithium metal oxides; or, lithium carbon composites. The positive electrode (cathode) is typically a lithium vanadium oxide of the formula LiV
3
O
8
. The electrodes may be coupled using a liquid electrolyte or a solid electrolyte such as a solid polymer electrolyte, or a combination of liquid and solid electrolytes. The electrolyte may specifically be a “plasticized” electrolyte in which a liquid electrolyte component is contained within a polymer electrolyte. During discharge, lithium ions are electrochemically inserted into the lithium vanadium oxide structure by a process that is commonly referred to as intercalation. A reverse process occurs during charge. The vanadium ions of the host electrode structure are reduced and oxidized during discharge and charge, respectively. Conversely, the negative electrode is oxidized during discharge when lithium ions are released from the electrode into the electrolyte, and it is reduced during the reverse process on charge. Lithium ions, therefore, shuttle between the two electrodes during the electrochemical discharge and charge processes.
It is advantageous for batteries, such as lithium batteries, to have a high electrochemical “capacity” or energy storage capability. In lithium batteries, this can be achieved if the positive and negative electrodes can accommodate a significant amount of lithium. Furthermore, in order to have a good cycle life, the positive and negative electrodes should preferably have the ability to accommodate and release lithium in a reversible manner, i.e., without significant “capacity fade.” Thus, preferably, the structural integrity of the electrodes should be maintained during lithium insertion/extraction for numerous cycles.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention, a vanadium oxide material doped with one or more cations is provided. The invention also concerns the provision of electrodes including lithium vanadium oxide according to the preferred general formula; and, batteries including an electrode as characterized.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a vanadium oxide material according to the average formula:
Li
x
V
3−&dgr;
M
&dgr;
O
y
wherein:
(a) 0<&dgr;≦1.0;
(b) 7.8<y≦8.2;
(c) x is non-zero;
(d) x and y are selected such that the average, calculated oxidation state of V is at least 4.7; and
(e) M represents a mixture of at least two different cations.
In a second embodiment, the present invention provides a vanadium oxide material according to the average formula:
Li
x
V
3−&dgr;
M
&dgr;
O
y
wherein:
(a) 0<&dgr;≦1.0;
(b) 7.8<y≦8.2;
(c) x is non-zero;
(d) x and y are selected such that the average, calculated oxidation state of V is at least 4.7; and
(e) M represents Mo, Cr, Nb, or mixtures thereof.
In a third embodiment, the present invention provides an electrode having a vanadium oxide material according to the average formula:
Li
x
V
3−&dgr;
M
&dgr;
O
y
wherein:
(a) 0<&dgr;≦1.0;
(b) 7.8<y≦8.2;
(c) x is non-zero;
(d) x and y are selected such that the average, calculated oxidation state of V is at least 4.7; and
(e) M represents a mixture of at least two different cations.
In a fourth embodiment, the present invention provides an electrode having a vanadium oxide material according to the average formula:
Li
x
V
3−&dgr;
M
&dgr;
O
y
wherein:
(a) 0<&dgr;≦1.0;
(b) 7.8<y≦8.2;
(c) x is non-zero;
(d) x and y are selected such that the average, calculated oxidation state of V is at least 4.7; and
(e) M represents Mo, Cr, Nb, or mixtures thereof.
In a fifth embodiment, the present invention provides an electrochemical cell having a cathode containing a vanadium oxide material according to the average formula:
Li
x
V
3−&dgr;
M
&dgr;
O
y
wherein:
(a) 0<&dgr;≦1.0;
(b) 7.8<y≦8.2;
(c) x is non-zero;
(d) x and y are selected such that the average, calculated oxidation state of V is at least 4.7; and
(e) M represents a mixture of at least two different cations.
In a sixth embodiment, the present invention provides an electrochemical cell having a cathode containing a vanadium oxide material according to the average formula:
Li
x
V
3−&dgr;
M
&dgr;
O
y
wherein:
(a) 0<&dgr;≦1.0;
(b) 7.8<y≦8.2;
(c) x is non-zero;
(d) x and y are selected such that the average, calculated oxidation state of V is at least 4.7; and
(e) M represents Mo, Cr, Nb, or mixtures thereof.
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Kahaian Arthur J.
Kepler Keith D.
Thackeray Michael M.
Vissers Donald R.
3M Innovative Properties Company
Chaney Carol
Mueting, Raasch & Golohardt, PA
Tsang Susy
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