Animal husbandry – Milkers – Methods of milking
Patent
1997-06-09
1998-12-22
Price, Thomas
Animal husbandry
Milkers
Methods of milking
A01J 5007
Patent
active
058508040
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL
This invention relates to a method for the manufacture of skim milk powders and whole milk powders with improved properties. More particularly, the method relates to the selection of milk from cows producing milk which contains only the B variant of .beta.-lactoglobulin.
BACKGROUND ART
Plant Fouling
The deposition of milk constituents on milk processing plant surfaces (fouling), particularly on heat exchanger surfaces, is an undesirable consequence of milk processing. Fouling can reduce the rate of heat transfer into the milk and increase the pressure drop across the heating equipment used. In addition, foulant material can act as a medium for the growth of bacteria, potentially compromising milk product sterility and safety. At some point during the heat processing of milk the level of fouling reaches a point at which processing must be interrupted to allow for plant cleaning. Cleaning of plant involves the use of expensive chemicals and this in combination with the reduced process run times, means that high rates of fouling can have a significant economic impact for the milk processor.
Milk Composition
It is known that there is a relationship between .beta.-lactoglobulin phenotypes and milk compositions in dairy cattle. Bulk milk collected from .beta.-lactoglobulin AA phenotype cows had a composition which was markedly different from that of .beta.-lactoglobulin BB phenotype cows (Hill, 1993). The .beta.-lactoglobulin AA phenotype bulk milk had 28% higher whey protein concentrations, 7% lower casein protein concentrations, 11% lower fat concentrations and 6% lower solids concentrations than .beta.-lactoglobulin BB phenotype bulk milk. The higher whey protein concentrations in .beta.-lactoglobulin AA phenotype bulk milk resulted from large increases in .beta.-lactoglobulin concentrations in this type of milk. However, concentrations of .alpha.-lactoglobulin were lower in .beta.-lactoglobulin AA phenotype bulk milk. It is believed that the high concentrations of .beta.-lactoglobulin or the presence of .beta.-lactoglobulin A variant gene suppresses the synthesis of other milk proteins (Hill, 1993).
It has not previously been reported that differing milk compositions due to .beta.-lactoglobulin phenotypes give rise to different fouling rates. It would be desirable to be able to choose compositions with the lowest fouling rate and to select dairy cattle phenotypes to produce such compositions.
It is an object of this invention to go some way towards achieving this desideratum or at least to offer the public a useful choice.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the invention may be said broadly to consist in a method of selecting milk for milk powder manufacturing properties which comprises testing milk from identified cows for the presence of variants of .beta.-lactoglobulin and selecting those cows whose milk contains any non-fouling variant and does not contain any fouling variant, and milking separately the non-fouling variant milk producing cows and recovering and maintaining their milk separately from milk from any other source.
Preferably said non-fouling variant is the B variant of .beta.-lactoglobulin.
Preferably said fouling variant is the A variant of .beta.-lactoglobulin.
Preferably said resultant milk is tested for the presence of any fouling variant and discarded if any is found.
Preferably said process includes the additional step of processing said milk into a milk powder product.
Preferably said additional step comprises UHT processing.
Preferably said method of testing is a phenotyping method.
In one alternative said phenotyping method is capillary electrophoresis.
In another alternative said phenotyping method comprises polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
The invention may be said broadly to consist in milk selected according to any one of the processes herein above defined.
The invention may also be said broadly to consist in a milk powder product prepared by any one of the processes described herein above.
In another embodiment the invention may be said broadly t
REFERENCES:
Hill, J P (1993) "The relationship between .beta.-lactoglobulin phenotypes and milk composition in New Zealand dairy cattle", Journal of Dairy Science, 76, 281-286.
Hill, JP, Boland, MJ & Creamer, LK (1993) "The alteration of bulk milk composition thorugh the selection of .beta.-lactoglobulin phenotypes", Livestock Production Science, 35, 192-193.
Hill, JP & Paterson, GR (1994) "The variation in milk composition from individual .beta.-lactoglobulin AA and BB phenotype cows", Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 54, 293-295.
Hill, JP, Paterson, GR, Lowe, R & Wakelin, M (1995) "The effect of season and .beta.-lactoglobulin phenotype on milk composition", Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 55, 94-96.
Medrano, JF & Aguilar-Cordova, E (1990) "Polymerase chain reaction amplification of bovine .beta.-lactoglobulin genomic sequences . . . ", Animal Biotechnology, 1, 73-77.
Newstead, DF & Baucke, AG (1983) "Heat stability of recombined evaporated milk and reconstituted concentrated skim milk: Effects of temperature . . . ", New Zealand Journal of Dairy Science & Tech., 18, 1-11.
Ng-Kwai-Hang, KF and Grosclaude, F (1992) "Advanced Dairy Chemistry" vol. 1: Proteins (Ed. Fox PF) Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd., London, pp. 405-445.
Paterson, GR, Hill, JP & Otter, DE (1995) "Separation of .beta.-lactoglobulin A, B and C variants of bovine whey using capillary zone electrophoresis", Journal of Chromatography A, 700, 105-110.
Singh, H & Creamer, LK (1991) "Denaturation, aggregation and heat stability of milk protein during the manufacture of milk powder", Journal of Diary Research, 58, 269.
Milchwissenschaft, vol. 49, No. 3 (1994), G Lopez-Galvez et al. "Genetic polymorphism of whey proteins in two ovine breeds", pp. 123-125.
Milchwissenschaft, vol. 50, No. 12 (1995), R Lowe et al. "Simultaneous separation of the .beta.-lactoglobulin A, B and C variants using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis", pp. 663-666.
Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 78 (suppl. 1) (1995), G Bode et al. "Effect of .beta.-lactoglobulin phenotype on milk composition of Holstein cattle".
Journal of Diary Research, vol. 51, No. 4 (1984), DM McLean et al. "Effects of milk protein genetic variants on milk yield and composition", pp. 531-546.
Boland Michael John
Hill Jeremy Paul
Smith Andrew Faulks
New Zealand Dairy Board
Price Thomas
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