Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Micro-organism – tissue cell culture or enzyme using process... – Preparing compound containing saccharide radical
Reexamination Certificate
2002-02-27
2004-11-16
Horlick, Kenneth R. (Department: 1637)
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Micro-organism, tissue cell culture or enzyme using process...
Preparing compound containing saccharide radical
C435S006120, C435S091100, C436S546000, C536S023100, C536S024300, C536S024330
Reexamination Certificate
active
06818420
ABSTRACT:
INTRODUCTION
1. Technical Field
The technical field of this invention is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR); and particularly high fidelity PCR.
2. Background of the Invention
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful method for the rapid and exponential amplification of target nucleic acid sequences. PCR has facilitated the development of gene characterization and molecular cloning technologies including the direct sequencing of PCR amplified DNA, the determination of allelic variation, and the detection of infectious and genetic disease disorders. PCR is performed by repeated cycles of heat denaturation of a DNA template containing the target sequence, annealing of opposing primers to the complementary DNA strands, and extension of the annealed primers with a DNA polymerase. Multiple PCR cycles result in the exponential amplification of the nucleotide sequence delineated by the flanking amplification primers.
An important modification of the original PCR technique was the substitution of
Thermus aquaticus
(Taq) DNA polymerase in place of the Klenow fragment of
E. coli
DNA pol I (Saiki, et al. Science, 230:1350-1354 (1988)). The incorporation of a thermostable DNA polymerase into the PCR protocol obviates the need for repeated enzyme additions and permits elevated annealing and primer extension temperatures which enhance the specificity of primer:template associations. Taq DNA polymerase thus serves to increase the specificity and simplicity of PCR.
Although Taq DNA polymerase is used in the vast majority of PCR performed today, it has a fundamental drawback: purified Taq DNA polymerase enzyme is devoid of 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity and thus cannot excise misinserted nucleotides (Tindall, et al., Biochemistry, 29:5226-5231 (1990)). Consistent with these findings, the observed error rate (mutations per nucleotide per cycle) of Taq polymerase is relatively high; estimates range from 2×10
−4
during PCR (Saiki et al., Science, 239:487-491 (1988); Keohavaong et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:9253-9257 (1989)) to 2×10
−5
for base substitution errors produced during a single round of DNA synthesis of the lacZ gene (Eckert et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 18:3739-3744 (1990)).
Polymerase induced mutations incurred during PCR increase arithmetically as a function of cycle number. For example, if an average of two mutations occur during one cycle of amplification, 20 mutations will occur after 10 cycles and 40 will occur after 20 cycles. Each mutant and wild type template DNA molecule will be amplified exponentially during PCR and thus a large percentage of the resulting amplification products will contain mutations. Mutations introduced by Taq DNA polymerase during DNA amplification have hindered PCR applications that require high fidelity DNA synthesis. Several independent studies suggest that 3′ to 5′ exonuclease-dependent proofreading enhances the fidelity of DNA synthesis (Reyland et al, J. Biol. Chem., 263:6518-6524, 1988; Kunkel et al, J. Biol. Chem., 261:13610-13616, 1986; Bernad et al, Cell, 58:219-228, 1989). As such, it is desirable, where possible, to include a 3′ to 5′ exonuclease-dependent proofreading activity in PCR based reactions. For example, If Taq DNA Polymerase (error rate 2×10
−4
) is used to amplify a 100 bp sequence for 40 cycles by PCR, about 55% of the amplification products will contain one or more errors. In contrast, if a Pwo DNA Polymerase having proof-reading activities is used for the amplification, only 10% of the products will contain an error under the same conditions. The error rate produced by a mixture of Taq DNA Polymerase and a proofreading DNA Polymerase between these two values (Cline et al, Nucleic Acids Res., 24(18):3546-51, 1996).
In many PCR based reactions, a signal producing system is employed, e.g., to detect the production of amplified product. One type of signal producing system that is attractive for use in PCR based reactions is the fluorescence energy transfer (FET) system, in which a nucleic acid detector includes fluorescence donor and acceptor groups. FET label systems include a number of advantages over other labeling systems, including the ability to perform homogeneous assays in which a separation step of bound vs. unbound labeled nucleic acid detector is not required.
In such real time detection systems using a FET labeled nucleic acid detector, high fidelity amplification is critical. Any error in sequences where a FET labeled nucleic acid detector binds can cause probes not to bind or wrong probes to bind in the case of allele discrimination, resulting in weak signal or the wrong signal being produced. For example, if a 30 bp PCR fragment which is the target of a FET labeled probe is amplified using Taq DNA Polymerase for 40 cycles, about 22% of the amplification fragments will contain one or more errors. In contrast, if a Pwo DNA Polymerase having proof-reading activities is used for the amplification, only 3% of the amplification fragments will contain an error under the same conditions. Therefore, the standard low fidelity amplification can cause a decrease in sensitivity or mis-typing in the case of allele discrimination.
However, as discovered by the current invention a disadvantage of currently available FET labeled nucleic acids having TAMRA or Dabcyl as a quencher is that such nucleic acids are subject to 3′→5′ exonuclease degradation. Accordingly, such FET labeled nucleic acids are not suitable for use in high fidelity PCR applications, where 3′→5′ exonuclease activity, i.e., proofreading activity, is present.
As such, there is significant interest in the identification and development of FET labeled nucleic acids that can be used in high fidelity PCR applications.
Relevant Literature
U.S. patents of interest include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,848 and 6,248,526. Also of interest are: WO 01/86001 and WO 01/42505.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Methods and compositions are provided for detecting a primer extension product in a reaction mixture. In the subject methods, a primer extension reaction is conducted in the presence of a polymerase having 3′→5′ exonuclease activity and at least one FET labeled oligonucleotide probe that includes a 3′→5′ exonuclease resistant quencher domain. Also provided are systems and kits for practicing the subject methods. The subject invention finds use in a variety of different applications, and is particularly suited for use in high fidelity PCR based reactions, including SNP detection applications, allelic variation detection applications, and the like.
Definitions
As used herein, “nucleic acid” means either DNA, RNA, single-stranded or double-stranded, and any chemical modifications thereof. Modifications include, but are not limited to, those which provide other chemical groups that incorporate additional charge, polarizability, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, and functionality to the nucleic acid. Such modifications include, but are not limited to, 2′-position sugar modifications, 5-position pyrimidine modifications, 8-position purine modifications, modifications at exocyclic amines, substitution of 4-thiouridine, substitution of 5-bromo or 5-iodo-uracil; backbone modifications, methylations, unusual base-pairing combinations such as the isobases isocytidine and isoguanidine and the like. Modifications can also include 3′ and 5′ modifications such as capping.
As used herein, “fluorescent group” refers to a molecule that, when excited with light having a selected wavelength, emits light of a different wavelength. Fluorescent groups may also be referred to as “fluorophores”.
As used herein, “fluorescence-modifying group” refers to a molecule that can alter in any way the fluorescence emission from a fluorescent group. A fluorescence-modifying group generally accomplishes this through an energy transfer mechanism. Depending on the identity of the fluorescence-modifying group, the fluorescence emission can under
Cabradilla, Jr. Cirilo D.
Chou Quin
Biosource International, Inc.
Bozicevic Field & Francis LLP
Field Bret E.
Horlick Kenneth R.
Kim Young J.
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