Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Carbohydrates or derivatives
Patent
1993-04-22
1996-10-22
Horlick, Kenneth R.
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates or derivatives
536 2431, 536 2433, C07H 2104
Patent
active
055678092
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention provides methods and reagents for DNA typing of HLA DRbeta (DRB) nucleic acids. The invention enables one to type homozygous or heterozygous samples from a variety of sources, including samples comprising RNA or cDNA templates, and to detect allelic variants not distinguishable by present serological, cellular, or biochemical methods. The present typing system facilitates typing tissue for transplantation, determining individual identity, and identifying disease susceptible individuals. The invention therefore has applications in the field of medicine generally and medical research and diagnostics specifically, the field of forensic science, and the field of molecular biology.
2. Description of Related Art
The HLA Class II proteins HLA DR, HLA DQ, and HLA DP are encoded by genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on the short arm of human chromosome 6. The Class II proteins are heterodimeric glycoproteins consisting of an approximately 34 kD alpha chain and an approximately 29 kD beta chain. The Class II proteins are expressed on the cell surface of macrophages, B-cells, activated T-cells, and other cell types and are involved in binding and presenting antigen to helper T-lymphocytes. See the article entitled "Structure, function, and genetics of the Human Class II molecules" by Giles and Capra, 1985, Adv. Immunol. 37:1. In addition, the Class II proteins influence specific immune responsiveness by determining the repertoire of expressed T-cell receptors in mature T-lymphocytes. For a general review of the HLA Class II genes and proteins, see the article entitled "Structure, sequence and polymorphism in the HLA D region" by Trowsdale et al., 1985, Immunol. Rev. 85:5.
The Class II alpha and beta chains are encoded by separate genes, and the DP, DQ, and, DR genes are located in separate regions of the MHC. In the DR region, a single DRA locus, or gene, encodes the non-polymorphic DRalpha chain, but five different DRB loci, termed DRB1, DRB2 (now known as DRB6), DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5, encode the polymorphic DRbeta chain. Some loci are present only on certain haplotypes (such as DRB5 on the DR2 haplotype); in addition, the number of expressed DRB genes also varies between haplotypes. See the article entitled "HLA-DRbeta genes vary in number between different DR-specificities, whereas the number of DQbeta genes is constant" by Bohme et al., 1985, J. Immunol. 135:2149.
The number of distinct DRB1 alleles identified is continually increasing. The 1989 report from the WHO Nomenclature Committee for factors of the HLA system identified 34 distinct DRB1 alleles; these alleles are thought to express the serological DR specificities DR1 to DRw18. (see the article entitled "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1989" by the WHO Nomenclature Committee, 1990, Immunogenetics 31:131-140, incorporated herein by reference). By the 1990 report, the number of DRB1 alleles recognized had risen to 45 (see the article entitled "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1990" by the WHO Nomenclature Committee, 1991, Immunogenetics 33:301-309, incorporated herein by reference). The present invention provides the sequences of several newly discovered alleles.
The alleles of the DRB2 locus (now termed the DRB6 locus), which are present on DR1, DR2, and DRw10 haplotypes, are apparently not expressed. See the article entitled "Analysis of isotypic and allotypic sequence variation in the HLA DRB region using the in vitro enzymatic amplification of specific DNA segments" by Erlich et al., 1989, in Immunobiology of HLA (Dupont ed., Springer-Verlag, New York).
The alleles of the DRB3 locus, which is thought to encode the supertypic specificity DRw52 (DRw52a, DRw52b, and DRw52c), are present on the DR3, DRw6, DRw11, DRw12, DRw13, DRw14, DRw17, and DRw18 haplotypes.
The DRB4 locus, which has a single allele, encodes the DRw53 supertypic specificity and is present only on the DR4, DR7, and DRw9 haplotypes. See the article entitled "Structural
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Apple Raymond J.
Erlich Henry A.
Griffith Robert L.
Scharf Stephen J.
Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.
Horlick Kenneth R.
Johnston George W.
Petry Douglas A.
Sias Stacey R.
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