Data processing: speech signal processing – linguistics – language – Speech signal processing – For storage or transmission
Reexamination Certificate
1999-05-05
2002-04-30
Dorvil, Richemond (Department: 2641)
Data processing: speech signal processing, linguistics, language
Speech signal processing
For storage or transmission
C704S233000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06381568
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates, in general, to data processing and, in particular, to speech signal processing.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Systems for transmitting speech to a receiver often digitize the speech, divide the digitized speech into frames, encode each frame using a particular voice encoder, or vocoder algorithm, and transmit the frames to a receiver.
Some of the problems encountered by these systems include unnecessary complexity, recognizing background noise as speech when no speech is present, transmitting too many frames that do not contain speech, sending frames encoded using a format other than the chosen vocoder, and so on.
Some speech transmission systems are unnecessarily complex. Such systems tend to be more expensive than simpler systems because of the additional software required to perform a complex function. Also, a complex system may be too slow for a particular purpose because of the additional time required to complete a complex function.
Some speech systems set thresholds for background noise that are based on a theoretical model of noise. Such systems are susceptible to erroneous determinations that speech is present in a frame when it is not because of unanticipated changes in the actual background noise from transmission to transmission. Also, some systems do not adjust the background noise thresholds once set or do not adjust the thresholds often enough to keep pace with a rapidly changing noise background. These same points apply to how systems set the threshold for determining whether or not speech is present within a frame.
Speech transmission systems that send too many frames that do not contain speech waste bandwidth that could have been used to transmit frames that do contain speech and run the risk that the receiver will mistakenly conclude that the transmission is over for lack of any voice activity.
Some speech transmission systems send additional frames (e.g., comfort noise) that are not encoded using the chosen vocoder but are sent using special frames. Using special frames add complexity to the receiver because the receiver must be able to recognize these special frames. Also, special frames may cause bothersome noise in the receiver since the special frames where not encoded using the chosen vocoder algorithm.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,491, entitled “DIGITAL VOICE SWITCH WITH AN ADAPTIVE DIGITALLY-CONTROLLED THRESHOLD,” discloses a voice switch that adjusts the threshold for determining the presence of speech that is adjusted only after a theoretically optimum threshold is exceeded 1,220 times and adjusts a minimum speech threshold based on noise. U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,491 does not perform the steps of the present invention and does not adjust the speech threshold in the same manner, or as often, as does the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 3,832,491 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,375, entitled “DIGITAL VOICE SWITCH FOR SINGLE OR MULTIPLE CHANNEL APPLICATIONS,” discloses a voice switch that adjusts the threshold for determining the presence of speech based on a statistical analysis of whether or not the number of times the speech threshold is exceeded is uniform or non-uniform. U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,375 does not perform the steps of the present invention and does not adjust the speech threshold as often as does the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,375 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,955, entitled “MOBILE RADIO WITH TRANSMIT COMMAND CONTROL AND MOBILE RADIO SYSTEM”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,812,965, entitled “PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR CREATING COMFORT NOISE IN A DIGITAL SPEECH TRANSMISSION”; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,835,889, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING HANGOVER PERIODS IN A TDMA WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING DISCONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION” each transmit a special silence descriptor (SID) frame when silence is encountered and the transmission of speech is discontinued. This special frame may cause bothersome noise at the receiver whereas the method of the present invention does not. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,955; 5,812,965; and 5,835,889 are hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,351,983, entitled “SPEECH DETECTOR WITH VARIABLE THRESHOLD,” discloses a device for and method of detecting speech by adjusting the threshold for determining speech, but does not do so as does the present invention. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 4,351,983 does not employ comfort noise and discontinuous transmission as does the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,351,983 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,669, entitled “VOICE ACTIVITY DETECTION PROCESS AND MEANS FOR IMPLEMENTING SAID PROCESS,” discloses advice for and method of detecting voice activity by comparing the energy of a signal to a threshold. The signal is determined to be voice if its power is above the threshold. If its power is below the threshold then the rate of change of the spectral parameters is tested. U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,669 does not employ, comfort noise of discontinuous transmission as does the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,672,669 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,340, entitled “METHOD FOR DETECTING VOICE PRESENCE ON A COMMUNICATION LINE,” discloses a method of detecting voice activity by determining the stationary or non-stationary state of a block of the signal and comparing the result to the results of the last M blocks and does not employ the steps of the present method. U.S. Pat. No. 5,255,340 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,765, entitled “VOICE ACTIVITY DETECTION,” discloses a device for and a method of detecting voice activity by performing an autocorrelation on weighted and combined coefficients of the input signal to provide a measure that depends on the power of the signal. The measure is then compared against a variable threshold to determine voice activity. However, the speech threshold is not adjusted during speech periods as in the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,765 is hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,459,814 and 5,649,055, both entitled “VOICE ACTIVITY DETECTOR FOR SPEECH SIGNALS IN VARIABLE BACKGROUND NOISE,” discloses a device for and method of detecting voice activity by measuring short term time domain characteristics of the input signal, including the average,signal level and the absolute value of any change in average signal level and not the steps of the present method. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,459,814 and 5,649,055 are hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,533,118 and 5,619,565, both entitled “VOICE ACTIVITY DETECTION METHOD AND APPARATUS USING THE SAME,” discloses a device for and method of distinguishing voice activity from two tones by dividing the square of the maximum value of the received signal by its energy and comparing this ratio to three different thresholds and not the steps of the present method. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,533,118 and 5,619,565 are hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,598,466 and 5,737,407, both entitled “VOICE ACTIVITY DETECTOR FOR HALF-DUPLEX AUDIO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM,” discloses a device for and method of detecting voice activity by determining an average peak value, a standard deviation, updating a power density function, and detecting voice activity if the average peak value exceeds the power density function and not the steps of the present method. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,598,466 and 5,737,407 are hereby incorporated by reference into the specification of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,566, entitled “VOICE ACTIVITY DETECTOR FOR AN ECHO SUPPRESSOR AND AN ECHO SUPPRESSOR,” discloses a device for detecting voice activity tha
Dean Richard A.
Kohler Mary A
Supplee Lynn Michele
Dorvil Richemond
Morelli Robert D.
The United States of America as represented by the National Secu
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