Method of preparing magnesium alcoholates

Details Method of preparing magnesium alcoholates Method of preparing magnesium alcoholates

2001-11-20

2003-04-08

Vollano, Jean F. (Department: 1621)

Chemistry of carbon compounds

Miscellaneous organic carbon compounds

C-metal

Reexamination Certificate

active

06544446

ABSTRACT:

Magnesium alcoholates (or magnesium alkoxides) Mg(OR)
2
, R=alkyl, are solids sensitive to hydrolysis which can be used in organic synthesis as selective bases and as constituents of polymerising catalysts. Due to the ability of the bivalent magnesium cation to form stable chelate complexes with carbonyl compounds, magnesium methylate for example is used as a selective carbonyl condensing agent.
Magnesium methylate is prepared by reacting magnesium metal with dry methanol (D. Caine, “Magnesium Methoxide” in: L. Paquette (ed.),
Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis
, 3204-3205). The magnesium salts of the “higher” primary alcohols, i.e. alcohols with ≧2 carbon atoms, do not react directly with pure alcohols under normal conditions. In fact catalysts are required to set the reaction in motion (H. Lund and J. Bjerrum,
Chem. Ber
. (
B
), 64, 210 (1931); U.S. Pat. No. 2,287,088; DE 1,230,004 (Rheinpreu&bgr;en 1967)):
Another possible way of accelerating the reaction is to perform the preparation under pressure at the higher temperatures which are then possible. The ethylate and n-propylate for example can be prepared in a few hours at approximately 130° C. at a pressure of about 10 atm. gauge (DE OS 2261386).
As is described in the literature (H. Thoms, M. Epple, H. Viebrock, A. Reller,
J. Mater. Chem
. 1995, 5 (4), 589-594) and as has been confirmed by our own experiments, direct synthesis starting with Mg metal and the particular alcohol (ROH) does not work where R=branched alkyl residue (e.g. propan-2-ol, tert. butanol, octan-2-ol).
A disadvantage of Mg alcoholate synthesis by (1) is that it is confined to R=methyl if pure alcohol is used. It is true that the Mg salts of fairly long-chain primary alcohols can also be prepared from the particular alcohol and Mg metal, but only if catalysts are used. The catalyst represents an additional cost factor and causes contamination of the alcoholate. There are serious environmental and safety-at-work objections to using mercury. Expensive production apparatus is required for synthesis under pressure.
It is also known that sterically demanding substituted magnesium alcoholates can be prepared from bis(organo)magnesium R
2
Mg and alcohols (H. Thoms, M. Epple, A. Reller,
Solid State Ionics
101-103 (1997), 79-84):
The main disadvantage of synthesis route (2) lies in the fact that relatively expensive dialkyl magnesium compounds, such as Et
2
Mg for example, have to be used as starting materials. Dialkyl compounds where R=saturated alkyl residue are in fact usually prepared from Grignard compounds RMgX and organolithium compounds as follows:
or by the addition of olefins to active magnesium hydride as follows
In the case of reaction (3), the high costs are caused by the price of the organolithium compound and the Grignard compound and by the salt wastes (LiX) that have to be disposed of. Also, the resulting magnesium alcoholate is contaminated with lithium residues from the preceding R—Li stage, which detracts from the purity (and hence the selectivity in applications as a catalyst) of the Mg(OR)
2
end product. A disadvantage of reaction (4) is that active magnesium hydride is not commercially available.
An object of the invention is to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and, in particular, to provide a method which allows various magnesium alcoholates, inducting the magnesium alcoholates of secondary and tertiary alcohols, to be prepared from generally available raw materials.
This object is achieved by reacting addition products of 1,3-dienes to magnesium metal in a polar, aprotic solvent with an alcohol R—ON (R=alkyl residue with 2 to 10 carbon atoms). The insoluble Mg alcoholate Mg(OR)
2
which is formed can then be isolated by a solid/liquid separating operation.
Surprisingly, it was found that the addition products of Mg metal and 1,3-dienes are sufficiently reactive to react fast and quantitatively with even only sparingly acid alcohols, such as tert, butanol for example.
Described in the literature (K. Nützel, in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Vol.XIII/2a, p.210-214, G. Thleme Verlag, Stuttgart 1973) is the addition product of isoprene and magnesium which is formed in the form of a 2:1 adduct
Surprisingly, it was further found that in the reaction of 1,3-diene with Mg metal to form the addition product, less than twice the molar amount of 9,3-diene is required to fully decompose a given amount of magnesium. Depending on the reaction conditions, the molar ratio of 1,3-diene to Mg in the addition product is between 2:1 and 1:1.
The reaction between the 1,3-diene and magnesium takes place in a temperature range of between 0 and 100° C. and preferably at approximately 10 to 70° C. The Mg metal used preferably has a high surface area, e.g. is in chip, granular or powder form.
The 1,3-diene used is preferably 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, dimethyl butadiene and/or 1,3-cyclohexadiene.
The solvents used are polar, aprotic solvents, preferably ethers, and a particular preference is for THF, 2-methyl-THF, dimethyl ether or dimethoxyethane. The polar, aprotic solvent can be mixed with liquid hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, octane, toluene or xylene.
Where the particularly preferred solvent THF is used, the reaction preferably takes place under reflux conditions, the boiling point being dependent on the nature of the 1,3-diene. Where 1,3-butadiene is used, it is advisable for the reaction to be carried out at a slightly raised pressure (up to 1,5 bar) or for a cooler operating at temperatures of <−10° C. to be used to ensure that no appreciable losses of butadiene occur. Where isoprene is used, operations can take place at normal pressure and at temperatures of between 50 and 65° C.
To accelerate the reaction, a polynuclear aromatic compound, such as anthracene, phenanthrene or biphenyl for example, can be added in catalytic quantities (preferably 0.01 to 5 mol % relative to the quantity of Mg) as a metal phase transfer catalyst. Anthracene has been found to be a particularly advantageous catalyst. It is particularly advantageous (to prevent slowing up of the reaction) for the catalyst to be added to the suspension of magnesium metal in the aprotic solvent before the 1,3-diene is measured in. The reason is that the magnesium-anthracene adduct is orange In colour and it is easy for the operator to conclude from the production of the adduct, which is clearly apparent visually, that the reaction mixture is inert (i.e. totally free of water) and the metal is present in activated form. The addition products of the 1,3-diene selected and the magnesium then form quickly and without there being any slowing up.
The molar ratio between the 1,3-diene used and the Mg used can preferably vary between 5:1 and 1:5. It is particularly preferable for the 1,3-diene:Mg ratio to be from 1:1 to 1:3. If a metal-free intermediate or end product is to be obtained, then, in this case, the soluble 1,3-diene/Mg addition product must be separated off from the excess Mg metal.
The solution of the 1,3-diene/Mg addition product which is obtained can be stored for from several weeks to months, if air and moisture are excluded.
To prepare an Mg alcoholate, the solution of the 1,3-diene/Mg addition product is mixed with the desired alcohol. The alcohol used can, for example, be isopropanol, tert. butanol, 2-ethyl hexanol or tert. pentanol. Preferably the addition product is provided and the alcohol is added in pure form or diluted with a solvent. The alcohol is preferably added in at least twice the molar quantity relative to the 1,3-diene/Mg addition product (hence in at least a stoichiometric quantity). The reaction is highly exothermic. The reaction temperature can be between 0 and 100° C. and preferably between 20 and 70° C. If the reaction is performed in slightly volatile solvents, such as THF for example, operations can take place under reflux conditions. The addition of the alcohol takes place in such a way that the heat generated can be safely dissipated, tha

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