Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing – Blood gas
Patent
1991-06-21
1996-06-11
Housel, James C.
Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
Blood gas
436164, 436165, 422 8205, 422 8209, 356 39, 356434, 128633, G01N 3350, G01N 3348
Patent
active
055255183
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of photometric in vitro determination of a blood gas parameter in a blood sample.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Photometric analysis of the blood gas parameters pH, oxygen (O.sub.2) and carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) is in itself prior art, which is described in detail in a large number of publications. A representative selection of these publications is listed below.
Photometric determination of the oxygen concentration in blood or other media by the so-called luminescence quenching is thus known from i.e., luminescence quenching of a polymer immobilized transition-metal complex", Anal. Chem., 59, 1987, 2780-2785, fluorescent probe", Journal of applied physiology, 41, 1976, 598-602, fluorescence in water. A dynamic probe of the microenvironment", Biochemistry, 9 (3), 1970, 464-473, application GB 2132348, 87/0023, patent application EP 190829, patent application EP 190830, and
Determination of the carbon dioxide content in blood by irradiating with 4,26 .mu.m radiation is known from: application GB 2160646, and 253559.
Determination of pH in blood by contact with a pH indicator is known from, i.e., the following publications: 4,548,907, indicators for measuring near neutral ("physiological") pH-values", Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 1983, 314, 119-124, Chem. 1980, 52, 864-869, immobilized colorimetric indicator", Analyst 109, 1984, 1025-1026, and intravascular blood gas monitoring system", IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 2, 1986, 117-132.
Determination of the intraarterial values of all three blood gas parameters by means of a fluorescence based measuring system is known from Miller et al,. "Performance of an in-vivo, continuous blood-gas monitor with disposable probe", Clin. Chem. 33 (9), 1987, 1538-1542. Extracorporeal determination of all three parameters by means of an also fluorescence based measuring system Gas-STAT.TM., produced by Cardiovascular Devices Inc., USA, is finally described in brochures concerning this system and in the article by Clark, C. L., "Early clinical experience with Gas-STAT", J. Extracorporeal Technol., 18 (3), 1986, 185-189. The determination of the blood gas parameters proceeds continuously in the Gas-STAT.TM. system. Inside a cuvette, which is inserted in the extracorporeal circulation established at a cardiac operation, fluorescence based sensors are placed. Via optical fibers excitation radiation is provided and emitted fluorescence radiation is taken away. The intensity of the latter depends of the concentration of the matter measured by the relevant sensor.
None of these publications relating to photometric analysis of the blood gas parameters describes an in vitro method for determination of one or several blood gas parameters in discrete samples and based on simple sample handling principles.
However, in vitro determination of the blood gas parameters pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide in a blood sample has so far mostly been performed by means of blood gas analyzers as, e.g. the blood gas analyzers produced and sold by Radiometer A/S, Copenhagen, under the name ABL Acid-Base Laboratory.
These analyzers are mechanically complex, since the blood samples i.a. have to pass through the very fine fluid conduits of the analyzer, in which conduits electrochemical sensors are built-in. Blockage in the conduits or coatings on the active surfaces of the sensors can easily occur and interfere in or destroy a measurement.
On account of these circumstances the existing equipment requires frequent maintainance performed by specially trained personnel, and the equipment will normally be placed in a laboratory situated at a certain distance from the patient. A period of reply of more than 10 min. and normally up to half an hour from the time of the sampling to the moment of the analysis result being present is therefore not unusual. Beyond that the waiting period can be unfortunate in connection with the medical treatment of the patient, the relatively long waiting period also has the consequence that the sample is to be k
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Andersen Willy
Jensen Niels-Henrik
Lundsgaard Finn C.
Cave Bryan
Housel James C.
Radiometer Medical A/S
Wallenhorst Maureen M.
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