Electric resistance heating devices – Heating devices – Convection space heater
Patent
1995-07-18
1998-05-26
Hoang, Tu B.
Electric resistance heating devices
Heating devices
Convection space heater
219213, 392407, F24D 1902
Patent
active
057580162
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method of energy conservation for heating premises in which people occupy temporarily. The invention also relates to a heat transmitting apparatus intended to be used in said method.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In temperate and cold zones there are demands for heating dwellings, offices and the like to a comfortable temperature level during the cold months.
Presently available heating systems for dwellings, offices and the like are essentially based on convection. For example, radiators heat the indoor air which in turn provides warmth to the people.
The norms which govern the construction of these heating systems are traditionally based on theoretical conditions of an ideal room in which the average temperature of the enclosing surfaces of the room and of the enclosed air is in equilibrium. The standard calculation temperature is normally 20.degree. C. The temperature range of physiological comfort or well-feeling of a person with normal indoor clothing is thought to be between 18.degree. and 23.degree. C., depending on the constitution of the body, age, etc. of a particular individual.
The temperature level of a room also depends on the amount of ventilation, i.e. movement of air in the room. The maximum standard velocity of air movement is 0.15 m/s. A higher level of ventilation results in a demand for raising the air temperature so as to compensate the convective cooling of e.g. bare skin.
When temperature equilibrium is attained according to the above, the temperature level of the floors, walls and ceilings is increased. This leads to loss of energy to the environment by heat transmission. Also the necessary ventilation means additional loss of energy. Both of these losses, which have to be compensated for maintaining the comfort level, can be considered to be directly proportional to and linearly dependent on the difference between the indoor temperature and the outdoor temperature.
Measures which have taken up until now to reduce the above-mentioned losses of energy, e.g. in directly heated houses, have, since the first energy crises at the beginning of the 1970's, primarily been directed to improving insulation in ceilings, walls and floors and to introducing double-glass and triple-glass windows and doors, so that the thermal transmission resistance (k-value) is increased or improved. Measures have also been implemented to control the necessary ventilation of the building, so that minimal heated air escapes into the surroundings.
Today, all economically defensible measures of this passive energy conservation type have essentially been taken. Further efforts can cause permanent damage (e.g. growth of mold, etc.) to the buildings.
Another measure of reducing the energy consumption and/or the costs of electrically heating buildings is to change the heating systems. One can install hot-water baseboard type heating systems, where the water in the system is heated, e.g. in a heat pump or an electric heating boiler, or in a forced-air system, in which indoor air is heated by means of heat pumps.
Generally, however, savings in energy costs is not in reasonable proportion to investment in energy conserving heating systems, i.e. the time to write-off is unreasonably long. Air heat pumps also have the general drawback that they become less effective as outdoor temperature drops.
Still another way to save energy is to lower the indoor temperature. This means, however, that occupants would find it necessary to put on more clothes. Accordingly one can then accommodate the lowering of indoor temperature by a couple of degrees, e.g. from 20.degree. C. to 18.degree. C. Further lowering of the temperature could mean the loss of indoor comfort even with the extra clothing.
It would be beneficial, if one could regulate the indoor temperature in such a way that the indoor temperature is lowered to e.g. 15.degree. C. when people are not in the house or on the premises. Such a temperature should present no problem for the building proper furnishings, flowers or the
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patent: 1697607 (1929-01-01), Maxson
patent: 2165970 (1939-07-01), Jaspers
patent: 4031353 (1977-06-01), Segura
patent: 4990747 (1991-02-01), Konda
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