Specialized metallurgical processes – compositions for use therei – Processes – Free metal or alloy reductant contains magnesium
Reexamination Certificate
2001-05-11
2003-12-09
Andrews, Melvyn (Department: 1742)
Specialized metallurgical processes, compositions for use therei
Processes
Free metal or alloy reductant contains magnesium
C423S027000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06660059
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed generally to the recovery of precious metals from precious metal-containing material and specifically to the recovery of precious metals from precious metal-containing material using thiosulfate lixiviants.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A traditional technique for recovering precious metal(s) from precious metal-containing ore is by leaching the material with a cyanide lixiviant. As used herein, a “precious metal” refers to gold, silver, and the platinum group metals (e.g., platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, and iridium). Many countries are placing severe limitations on the use of cyanide due to the deleterious effects of cyanide on the environment. Incidents of fish and other wildlife having been killed by the leakage of cyanide into waterways have been reported. The limitations being placed on cyanide use have increased substantially the cost of extracting precious metal(s) from ore, thereby decreasing precious metal reserves in many countries. Cyanide is also unable to recover precious metals such as gold from refractory ores without a pretreatment step. “Refractory ores” refer to those ores that do not respond well to conventional cyanide leaching. Examples of refractory ores include sulfidic ores (where at least some of the precious metals are locked up in the sulfide matrix), carbonaceous ores (where the precious metal complex dissolved in the lixiviant adsorbs onto carbonaceous matter in the ores), and sulfidic and carbonaceous ores.
Thiosulfate has been actively considered as a replacement for cyanide. Thiosulfate is relatively inexpensive and is far less harmful to the environment than cyanide. Thiosulfate has also been shown to be effective in recovering precious metals from pretreated refractory preg-robbing carbonaceous ores and sulfidic ores. As used herein, “preg-robbing” is any material that interacts with (e.g., adsorbs or binds) precious metals after dissolution by a lixiviant, thereby interfering with precious metal extraction, and “carbonaceous material” is any material that includes one or more carbon-containing compounds, such as humic acid, graphite, bitumins and asphaltic compounds.
Where gold is the precious metal, thiosulfate leaching techniques have typically relied on the use of copper ions to catalyze and accelerate the oxidation of gold, ammonia to facilitate the formation and stabilization of cupric ammine ions and/or a pH at pH 9 or above to maintain a region of stability where both the cupric ammine and gold thiosulfate complexes are stable.
It is well known in the art that the catalytic effect of copper and ammonia in conventional thiosulfate leaching of gold is described by the following sequence of reactions. Formation of the cupric ammine complex:
Cu
2+
+4NH
3
→Cu(NH
3
)
4
2+
(1)
Oxidation of gold by cupric ammine, gold complexation as the gold-thiosulfate anion, and reduction of the cupric ammine to cuprous thiosulfate:
Au+Cu(NH
3
)
4
2+
+5S
2
O
3
2−
→Au(S
2
O
3
)
2
3−
+Cu(S
2
O
3
5−
+4NH
3
(2)
Oxidation of the cuprous thiosulfate back to cupric ammine with oxygen:
Cu(S
2
O
3
)
3
5−
+4NH
3
+¼O
2
+½H
2
O→Cu(NH
3
)
4
2+
+3S
2
O
3
2−
+OH
−
(3)
Summing equations (2) and (3) yields the overall thiosulfate leach reaction for gold:
Au+2S
2
O
3
2−
+¼O
2
+H
2
O→Au(S
2
O
3
)
2
3−
+OH
−
(4)
It can be seen from the above equations that copper and ammonia act as catalysts in that they are neither produced nor consumed in the overall leach reaction.
Cupper and ammonia can be a source of problems. Added copper tends to precipitate as cupric sulfide, which is speculated to form a passive layer on gold, thereby inhibiting gold leaching as well as increasing copper and thiosulfate consumption:
Cu
2
+S
2
O
3
2−
+2OH
−
→CuS+SO
4
2−
+H
2
O (5)
Rapid oxidation of thiosulfate by cupric ammine also occurs, leading to excessive degradation and loss of thiosulfate:
2Cu(NH
3
)
4
2+
+8S
2
O
3
2−
→2Cu(S
2
O
3
)
3
5−
+S
4
O
6
2−
+8NH
3
(6)
Loss of ammonia by volatilization occurs readily, particularly in unsealed gas-sparged reactors operating at pH greater than 9.2, leading to excessive ammonia consumption:
NH
4
+
+OH
−
→NH
3(aq)
+H
2
O→NH
3(g)
+H
2
O (7)
Like cyanide, copper and ammonia are highly toxic to many aquatic lifeforms and are environmentally controlled substances.
Other problems encountered with thiosulfate leaching include difficulty in recovering gold out of solution as a result of the formation of polythionates, such as tetrathionate and trithionate, which adsorb competitively with gold onto adsorbents, such as resins. The formation of polythionates further increases thiosulfate consumption per unit mass of processed ore.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
These and other needs have been addressed by the methodologies and systems of the present invention. The methodologies can recover precious metals from a variety of materials, including refractory carbonaceous or sulfidic ores, double refractory ores (e.g., ores containing both sulfide-locked gold and carbonaceous preg-robbing matter), oxide ores, nonrefractory sulfidic ores, and ores also containing copper minerals and other materials derived from such ores (e.g., concentrates, tailings, etc.).
In one embodiment, a thiosulfate leaching process is provided that includes one or more of the following operating parameters:
(a) an oxygen partial pressure that is preferably superatmospheric and more preferably ranges from about 4 to about 500 psia;
(b) a leach slurry pH that is preferably less than pH 9;
(c) a leach slurry that is preferably at least substantially free of (added) ammonia and more preferably contains less than 0.05M (added) ammonia such that the leach slurry has a maximum total concentration of ammonia of preferably less than 0.05M and more preferably no more than about 0.025M;
(d) a leach slurry that is preferably at least substantially free of (added) copper ion and more preferably contains no more than about 15 ppm (added) copper ions;
(e) an (added) sulfite concentration that is preferably no more than about 0.01 M such that the slurry has a maximum total concentration of sulfite of preferably no more than about 0.02M and more preferably no more than about 0.01M; and/or
(f) a leach slurry temperature preferably ranging from about 20 to about 100° C. and more preferably from about 20 to about 80° C.
The foregoing parameters can yield a high level of precious metal extraction from the precious metal-containing material, which can be at least about 70% and sometimes at least about 80%.
The thiosulfate lixiviant can be derived from any suitable form(s) of thiosulfate, such as sodium thiosulfate, calcium thiosulfate, potassium thiosulfate and/or ammonium thiosulfate. Sodium and/or calcium thiosulfate are preferred.
The leaching process can be conducted by any suitable technique. For example, the leaching can be conducted in situ, in a heap or in an open or sealed vessel. It is particularly preferred that the leaching be conducted in an agitated, multi-compartment reactor such as an autoclave.
The precious metal can be recovered from the pregnant leach solution by any suitable technique. By way of example, the precious metal can be recovered by resin adsorbtion methods such as resin-in-pulp, resin-in-solution, and resin-in-leach or by solvent extraction, cementation, electrolysis, precipitation, and/or combinations of two or more of these techniques.
Reducing or eliminating the need to have copper ions and/or ammonia present in the leach as practiced in the present invention can provide significant multiple benefits. First, the cost of having to add copper and ammonia reagents to the process can be reduced significantly or eliminated. Second, envi
Fleming Christopher Andrew
Hackl Ralph Peter
Ji Jinxing
West-Sells Paul George
Andrews Melvyn
Placer Dome Technical Services Limited
Sheridan & Ross P.C.
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