Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and – Method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or... – The polynucleotide alters fat – fatty oil – ester-type wax – or...
Patent
1994-01-05
1998-06-23
McElwain, Elizabeth F.
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and
Method of introducing a polynucleotide molecule into or...
The polynucleotide alters fat, fatty oil, ester-type wax, or...
435410, 119 67, A01H 506, A01H 400, C12N 504, A01K 2900
Patent
active
057707863
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention concerns a method for the culturing of nematodes on plants. The method finds specific use in the screening and isolation of nematode resistance genes and feeding-structure-specific genes and promoters.
BACKGROUND AND RELEVANT LITERATURE
Plant-parasitic nematodes worldwide cause diseases of nearly all crop plants of economic importance with estimated losses of about $5.8 billion/yr in the Unites States alone (Sasser and Freckman, 1987). While in tropical regions losses caused by nematodes are due mainly to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne), in Europe cyst nematodes of the genera Globodera and Heterodera are regarded as serious pests and important limiting factors in potato, rapeseed and sugarbeet cultivation, respectively. An increasing amount of crop damage is also being ascribed to free-living nematodes (e.g. Pratylenchus ssp). Only a small number of resistant crop varieties have emerged from breeding programmes for e.g. potato, sugarbeet, tomato, soybean and oil radish (Dropkin, 1988).
Through coevolution of plants and pathogens, plants have developed defense mechanisms against their pathogens. For successful infection of a plant, it is essential that the pathogen circumvents or suppresses the defense mechanism of the plant. In genetical terms, specific plant-pathogen interactions can be described by the gene-for-gene model. In this model an elicitor molecule (e), encoded by an avirulence gene (E) from the pathogen, interacts with a receptor molecule (r), encoded by a resistance gene (R) from the plant, which switches on the defense mechanism. Phenotypically, this mechanism becomes visible through the hypersensitive response (HR): local death of host cells around the site of infection which inhibits further development of the pathogen. The genetics of such gene-for-gene relationships are well documented for bacterial and fungal pathogens (Gabriel and Rolfe, 1990). Recent data from Whalen et al. (1991) indicate a degree of homology between resistance genes from Arabidopsis and soybean although these species are not related. The gene-for-gene model has been suggested for plant-nematode interactions (Jones et al. 1981; Turner et al., 1983). Furthermore, the hypersensitive response that is observed in cultivars that are resistant against a particular nematode species and for which the resistance has been mapped to a single dominant locus (Rick and Fobes, 1974; Delleart and Meijer, 1986; Omwega et al. 1990), indicates that gene-for-gene relationships may also function in plant-nematode interactions. The presence in soil of a resistance against nematodes in a particular variety persists under monoxenic culture conditions (e.g. Muller, 1978; Paul et al. 1990, Sanft and Wyss, 1990). Dominant resistance genes are being mapped in some of these varieties (e.g. potato, Barone et al., 1990; tomato, Williamson, 1990) but the complexity of the genomes of these crop plants as well as the complexity of the plant-nematode interaction under laboratory conditions has prevented isolation of such genes to the present day. Most of the progress in the techniques of plant-gene isolation with the help of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)-mapping and chromosome walking (Bleecker et al. 1991), T-DNA insertion mutagenesis (Feldmann, 1991) or transposon-mutagenesis (Altmann et al. 1991) is accomplished with a small crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana. The genome size, the short generation time and the well developed classical genetics for this species are at the basis of this progress. One important factor for the isolation of a gene of interest is the ability to screen phenotypically for the dominant presence of the gene in crossings with lines that are recessive for that trait. One major drawback of Arabidopsis in the identification of resistance genes is the limited number of plant-pathogens that are able to infect on this species. Known examples are now limited to a few bacteria (Simpson and Johnson, 1990; Whalen et al., 1991) and fungi (Koch and Slusarenko, 1990). Successful infection o
REFERENCES:
D.A. Evans, et al. "Handbook of Plant Cell Culture" vol. 1, Technioques for Propagation and Breeding, MacMillian Publishing Co. N.Y., 1983, Chapter 32 pp. 880-903.
R.M. Riedel, et al. "Establishment of Nematode Germplasm Banks", Chapter 33, pp. 902-923.
"Breeding for Nematode Resistance", pp. 884-890, pp. 907-908, 909.
A. Barone, et al. `Localization by Restriction . . . ` in: Molecular Gen Genetics, vol. 224, 1990, pp. 177-182.
C.O. Omwega, et al. `A Single Dominant Gene . . . ` in: Phytopathology, vol. 80, No. 8, 1990, pp. 745-748.
R.B. Simpson and L.B. Johnson `Arabidopsis thaliana . . . `, in: Molecular Plant--Microbe Interactions, vol. 3, No. 4, 1990, pp. 233-237.
S.J. Turner, et al. `Selection of Potato . . . ` in: Euphytica, vol. 32, 1983, pp. 911-917.
Goddjin, O.J.M. "Differentail Gene Expression . . . " The Plant Journal (1993) .sub.4 (S)863-873.
Arabidopsis thaliana as a New Model Host for Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Peter C. Synious The Plant Journal (1991) 1(2) 245-254.
Potter et al; Nematode Pests of Vegetable Crops in Evans Trudgill and Webster (eds.) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agric. CAB Int'l, Willingford UK 1993.
Effects of Agar Brand & Concentration on the Tissue Culture Medium PC Debergh Physiol. Plant 59: 270-6 (1983).
In Vitro Culture of Plantation Crops Abraham D. Krikorian, Plant Cell & Tissue Culture, 497-537 (1994).
Ultrastructural Analysis of Giant Cell . . . C. Stender Flora (1982) 172: 223-233.
Wyss et al (1984) Physiol. Plant Pathol 25: 21-37.
Oue et al (1990) Plant Cell 2:837-848.
McElwain Elizabeth F.
Mogen International N.V.
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