Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving nucleic acid
Reexamination Certificate
2001-05-16
2003-01-28
Horlick, Kenneth R. (Department: 1637)
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving nucleic acid
C435S091100, C435S091200, C435S007100
Reexamination Certificate
active
06511809
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to immunoassays and the use of nucleic acid amplification as a reporting means of the detection of an anlyte. More specifically analyte detection is achieved by forming an analyte dependent reporter-complex (ADRC), joining the reporter labels of the (ADRC), amplifying the joining product of the two labels and detecting the amplification product. Nucleic acid-labels are used to report analyte specific binding. Amplification is achieved by replication of the joined nucleic acid-labels. The method reduces the background signal of a binding assay, thereby, providing means of a highly sensitive analyte detection.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The development of immunoassays and advances in methods of nucleic acid amplification have significantly advanced the art of the detection of biological analytes. In spite of these advances, nonspecific binding of the analyte to be detected and general assay noise has remained a problem that has limited the application and sensitivity of such assays. Methods for the reduction of background noise are continually being sought.
The introduction of immunoassays in the 1960's and 1970's greatly increased the number of analytes amenable to precise and accurate measurement. Radio-immunoassays (RIAs) and immunoradiometric (IRMA) assays utilize radioisotopic labeling of either an antibody or a competing analyte to measure an analyte. Detection systems based on enzymes or fluorescent labels were then developed as an alternative to isotopic detection systems. D. L. Bates,
Trends in Biotechnology,
5(7), 204 (1987), describes one such method based upon enzyme amplification. In this method a secondary enzyme system is coupled to a primary enzyme label. For example, the primary enzyme can be linked catalytically to an additional system such as a substrate cycle or an enzyme cascade. Enzyme amplification results from the coupling of catalytic processes, either by direct modification or by interaction with the product of the controlling enzyme.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,621 describes utilization of an enzyme-linked coagulation assay (ELCA) in an amplified immunoassay using a clotting cascade to enhance sensitivity. The process involves clot formation due to thrombin activated fibrin formation from soluble fibrinogen and labeled solubilized fibrinogen. Amplification of the amount of reportable ligand attached to solid-phase is obtained only by combining use of clotting factor conjugates with subsequent coagulation cascade reactions.
Substrate/cofactor cycling is another variation of enzyme-mediated amplification, and is based on the cycling of a cofactor or substrate that is generated by a primary enzyme label. The product of the primary enzyme is a catalytic activator of an amplifier cycle that responds in proportion to the concentration of substrate and hence the concentration of the enzyme label. An example of this type of substrate cycling system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,054.
Vary et al.,
Clin. Chem.,
32, 1696 (1986) describes an enzyme amplification method suited to nucleic acid detection. This method is a strand displacement assay which uses the unique ability of a polynucleotide to act as a substrate label which can be released by a phosphorylase.
Bobrow et al.,
J. of Immunol. Methods,
125, 279 (1989) discloses a method to improve detection or quantitation of an analyte by catalyzed reporter deposition. Amplification of the detector signal is achieved by activating a conjugate consisting of a detectably labeled substrate specific for the enzyme system, wherein said conjugate then reacts with the analyte-dependent enzyme activation system to form an activated conjugate which deposits wherever receptor for the conjugate is immobilized.
Nucleotide hybridization assays have been developed as a means for detection of specific nucleic acid sequences. U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,269 discloses an amplified nucleic acid hybridization assay in which a target nucleic acid is contacted with a complementary primary probe having a polymeric tail. A plurality of second signal-generating probes capable of binding to the polymeric tail are added to achieve amplified detection of the target nucleic acid. Variations of this methodology are disclosed in PCT Application WO 89/03891 and European Patent Application 204510, which describe hybridization assays in which amplifier or multimer oligonucleotides are hybridized to a single-stranded nucleic acid unit which has been bound to the targeted nucleic acid segment. Signal amplification is accomplished by hybridizing signal-emitting nucleic acid bases to these amplifier and multimer strands. In all of these disclosures amplification is achieved by mechanisms which immobilize additional sites for attachment of signal-emitting probes.
Journal of Clinical Microbiol.
28, 1968 (1990) describes a system for detection of amplified
Chlamydia trachomatis
DNA from cervical specimens by fluorometric quantitation in an enzyme immunoassay format which includes a polymerase chain reaction.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,539 describes a novel system and method for sensitive analyte detection using immuno-PCR. This consists of a biotinylated DNA which binds to analyte-dependent reporter-complex via a protein A-streptavidin chimeric protein. A segment of the DNA label is amplified by polymerase chain reaction and the products are detected by agarose gel electrophoresis.
In WO 9315229, Applicants disclose a method for the detection of an analyte through the formation of a complex comprising an analyte bound to a reporter having a nucleic acid label attached. Detection of the analyte is effected through amplification of the nucleic acid label.
It is the objective of the art to increase the sensitivity of analyte detection through the use of various novel signal generating reporter conjugates and amplification strategies. However, non-specific binding-signal due to non-selective binding of reporter conjugates to walls of the reaction tubes or to solid-phase reagents used in the assays even in the absence of analyte, is a serious problem in immunoassays. Non-specific binding signal thus diminishes the ratio of the analyte specific binding to analyte non-specific binding. This reduces the sensitivity of the detection limit for an analyte. The art has identified many factors that contribute to non-specific binding such as, protein-protein interaction, adsorptive surface of the solid-phase, Vogt et al.,
J. of Immunological Methods,
101, 43 (1987), the assay milieu and the efficiency of the wash solution.
To resolve this problem a number of approaches have been used in this art by Vogt et al.,
J. of Immunological Methods,
101, 43 (1987), Graves,
J. of Immunological Methods,
111, 167, (1988), Wedege et al.,
J. of Immunological Methods,
88, 233, (1986), Bodmer et al.,
J. of Immunoassay,
11, 139, (1990), Pruslin et al.,
J. of Immunological Methods,
137, 27, (1991), Balde et al.,
J. of Biochem. and Biophys. Methods,
12, 271, (1986), Hauri et al.,
Analytical Biochemistry,
159, 386 (1986), Rodda et al.,
Immunological Investigations,
23, 421, (1994), Tovey et al.,
Electrophoresis,
10, 243, (1989), Kenney et al.,
Israel Journal Of Medical Sciences,
23, 732, (1987), Hashida et al.,
Analytical Letters,
18, 1143, (1985), Ruan et al.,
Ann Clin Biochem,
23, 54, (1985). To saturate the adsorptive surface, these investigators have used blocking agents such as, proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA), gelatin, casein, non-fat dry milk, polymers (poly vinyl alcohol) detergents (Tween 20), modified antibodies (Fab′ and F(ab′)
2
), and combinations of blocking agents (BSA, Tween 20) and pentane sulfonate. These proteins have been chosen largely by convenience and empirical testing in ELISA systems, Vogt et al.,
J. of Immunological Methods,
101, 43 (1987).
Despite the numerous attempts in this art to use these approaches either individually or in combination, non-specific binding has not been eliminated. Therefore, increased assay detection sensitivity has been limited. Thus, there is a
Baez Luis
Ebersole Richard C.
Hendrickson Edwin R.
Neelkantan Neel
Perry Michael P.
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