Coating processes – With pretreatment of the base – Organic base
Patent
1988-08-09
1992-01-14
Lusignan, Michael
Coating processes
With pretreatment of the base
Organic base
156336, 210653, 264 41, 264202, 264255, 435 71, 435174, 435177, B05D 300, B05D 312
Patent
active
050809369
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the formation of a membrane from peptide and lipid constituents, intended for use as a structural basis for further incorporation of biomolecules carrying out a function.
The problem how to make a non-fragile polar-non-polar-polar membrane is one of the most important ones in contemporary biochemistry. The applications of such membranes, once stable ones can be made, are numerous, and could be expected to speed up the development in fields of applied biochemistry in which the biological functions of molecular components are used artificially to generate transmembraneous electrical potentials, current, and/or fluxes of low molecular weight compounds. One such example of a potentially useful transmembraneous gradient is the photo-mechanical energy conversion mediated by bacteriorhodopsin, in which case light is directly transformed into mechanical work (1). Another category of examples would be in vitro correspondences to cases when the plasma membrane receptors upon binding the appropriate ligands bring about, directly or indirectly, a change of the trans-membraneous potentials. The latter category of examples would include glucose receptors, glucose and amino acid transporters, membrane-bound immunoglobulins which are part of a trans-membrane potential-modulating system, receptors for growth factors, various ion channels, and other carrier molecules. Obviously, these examples are of considerable clinical and medical importance. Furthermore, other applications of bioelectricity, biopotentials and/or biocurrents, where biomolecules are used and where they have to be anchored, linked or bound to a polar-nonpolar-polar (PNP) membrane might be possible to conceive in the future.
From the above-mentioned examples of biomolecules the function of which is linked to a PNP-membrane, it is obvious that the formation of such membranes is an extremely important topic in biochemistry. Furthermore, it is obvious that any industrial applications of these biomolecules, for example photomechanica, photoosmotic or photoelectric energy conversion using bacteriorhodopsin, glucose receptor units for automatic control of glucose levels in diabetic patients, or diagnostic equipment based on immunoreceptors linked to a PNP-membrane, would depend on the type of PNP-membrane used. For these reasons, any improvement, in any respect, of the formation of PNP-membranes has considerable industrial impact, as far as the further development of applications of PNP-membranes is concerned.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
The fragility of lipid bilayers is well known to researchers in the field and is primarily due to the fact that they mostly are stabilized in the plane parallel to the surface of the membrane by weak, or at least transient hydrophobic interactions, and by transient hydrogen bonds between the polar residues of the lipid. These conditions permit long range diffusion of the individual lipid molecules above the phase transition point, when the lipid is "liquid" or "fluid". Many attempts have been made and published previously to "cross-link" the lipid at its polar residues, binding it to polar, high molecular weight compounds or surfaces. These attempts present the disadvantage that the short range interactions between the individual lipid molecules will have to adapt to any long range changes of the high molecular weight cross-linker or the surface. This means, for example, that if the cross-linker or the surface expands or contracts on the long range scale, the covalently bound lipid will be forced to move in between its short range neighbours in the plane of the membrane and the lipid or any other molecules inserted into the membrane will be berturbed. This follows naturally from that the physico-chemical properties of the surface or the cross-linker and, in particular, their expansion coefficients given in per cent change of length or area per unit change of any exterior conditions such as temperature, pH, ionic strength or composition of the buffer, may not be the same as tho
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patent: 3892665 (1975-07-01), Steigelmann et al.
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