Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series – Organic compounds – Oxygen containing
Reexamination Certificate
1999-08-31
2001-05-15
O'Sullivan, Peter (Department: 1621)
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
Organic compounds
Oxygen containing
C568S852000, C568S862000, C568S863000, C568S868000, C568S882000, C568S884000, C568S885000, C568S913000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06232512
ABSTRACT:
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is based on German Application DE 198 40 277.5, filed Sep. 4, 1998, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a method for reducing the content of acetals or ketone acetals (ketals) in an aqueous reaction mixture containing at least 10 moles of a mono- or polyvalent alcohol per mole of the acetal or ketal by heterogeneous, catalytic hydrogenation.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
During the hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols the formation of acetals and ketals readily occurs if the hydrogenation is carried out below pH 7 or in the presence of solid catalysts comprising acidic centers. The acetals and ketals cannot be satisfactorily converted into the alcohols forming the basis and formed from the carbonyl compound by mild hydrogenation. Stable cyclic acetals and ketals, namely, 2-substituted 1,3-dioxolane- and 1,3-dioxan derivatives are produced in particular during the hydrogenation of &agr;- and &bgr;-hydroxycarbonyl compounds to 1,2- and 1.3-diols. In order to hydrogenate such acetals and ketals, rather high temperatures and/or special catalysts are required. One problem in reducing the content of acetals and ketals in aqueous, alcoholic reaction mixtures of differing provenance also resides additionally in the fact that there is a danger that the alcohol itself will be decomposed under the rather severe hydrogenation conditions required.
3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde is reduced to 1,3-propane diol in the method of EP-A 0 572 812 in which a first hydrogenation stage for the purpose of reducing the content of residual carbonyl is followed by a second hydrogenation stage at a pH of 2.5 to 6.5 at an elevated temperature. The same hydrogenation catalyst was used in both temperature stages, preferably a Pt/TiO
2
-carrier catalyst and Ni/Al
2
O
3
/SiO
2
-carrier catalyst. It was determined that only an unsatisfactory conversion can be achieved in the second stage with a noble metal catalyst on an oxide carrier, with a neutral or weakly acid pH range; in addition, the catalytic activity drops after a few hours of operation to a level which is lower than at the beginning.
According to WO 97/01523 cyclic diethers can be hydrogenolytically split with a 1,3-dioxo group in an aqueous phase in the presence of a metallic catalyst such as Ru on activated carbon at 100° to 200° C. at a pH of 1 to 6. According to the examples the degree of conversion is not quantitative. In particular, this document furnishes no suggestion for degrading small amounts of acetal or ketal in addition to large amounts of an alcohol without also decomposing the alcohol at the same time by hydrogenolysis. In addition, a very high ratio of catalyst to substrate is required in order to bring about the conversion. In a similar manner the hydrogenolytic splitting of 1,3-dioxan derivatives is incomplete if Raney nickel is used as catalyst, according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,059.
In order to reduce the carbonyl content of lauryl alcohol containing 0.1% by weight lauryl aldehyde by catalytic hydrogenation, nickel catalyst on kieselguhr diatomaceous earth is recommended as the catalyst according to the brochure “Carbonyl Removal from Oxoalcohols” (Engelhard Corp.) even though this company also supplies carrier-bound noble-metal catalysts. Nickel catalysts tend to leach metal at a pH below 7, which has a disadvantageous effect on the workup.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 33 (1994), 566-574 teaches the degradation of organic components such as sugar and glycols in aqueous media hydrogenolytically in the presence of Ni catalysts or ruthenium on various oxide carriers. When using such catalysts to reduce the acetal content or ketal content in an aqueous medium containing an excess of an alcohol with respect to the amount of the acetal or ketal a partial degradation of the alcohol must be expected in the process described.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention has the object of making available a method in which a low acetal content or ketal content in an aqueous reaction mixture, which has a high content of alcohols, which is acid or neutral at room temperature, can be further reduced essentially without degradation of the alcohols.
A method has been found for reducing the content of acetals (except formals) or ketals in an aqueous reaction mixture containing at least 10 moles of a monovalent or polyvalent alcohol per mole of the acetal or ketal by heterogeneous, catalytic hydrogenation of the reaction mixture with hydrogen, at a temperature of 80° to 250° C. and a hydrogen partial pressure of 0.5 to 30 MPa, particularly 1 to 15 MPa, which is characterized in that activated carbon charged with noble metal is used as catalyst.
Preferred embodiments include the hydrogenation of reaction mixtures containing a cyclic acetal or ketal with a 1,3-dioxo structure, use of Pd and/or Ru on activated carbon as the catalyst, carrying out the method using a trickle-bed reactor and carrying out the method using a solution with a pH of between above 6.5 and 7.
It is surprisingly possible to increase the amount of hydrogenation of the acetal or ketal contained in the reaction mixture at the same temperature and at the same pH without the alcohol present being decomposed to any appreciable extent at the same time, if an activated carbon charged with noble metal such as an activated carbon charged with one or more noble metals from the group Ru, Rh, Pd and Pt is used instead of an oxide catalyst charged with the noble metal. As follows from the examples, when Ru on TiO
2
is used, a quantitative reaction of the acetal does take place but, at the same time, decomposition of the alcohol occurs to an intolerable extent. Other catalysts known for the hydrogenation of acetals and the carbonyl compound on which they are based, for example, Ni on SiO
2
/Al
2
O
3
carrier, do not attack the alcohol; however, their hydrogenation activity is insufficient if only a small amount of acetal is contained in the reaction mixture in addition to a large amount of alcohol. Especially preferred catalysts to be used in accordance with the invention are Ru and/or Pd on activated carbon, wherein “activated carbon” includes all types of carbon suitable for catalytic purposes.
The hydrogenation customarily takes place at 80° to 250° C., preferably at 100° to 180°C. If the alcohol content drops during the hydrogenation, this reduction of alcohol content can generally be reduced or entirely avoided without any appreciable reduction of the hydrogenation conversion by reducing the reaction temperature.
The hydrogenation usually takes place at a pH range from 1 to below 7, measured at the reaction temperature. The method of the invention has the advantage that the reaction mixture to be used can have a pH of between above 6.5 and 7 at room temperature since this simplifies the workup.
The reaction mixture supplied to the hydrogenation reaction contains a high molar excess of alcohol in comparison to the acetal or ketal, namely, at least 10 moles and preferably at least 50 moles alcohol per mole acetal or ketal. The alcohol can be any alcohol since the source of the reaction mixture can be as desired; however, it is preferable that the alcohol is bound in the acetal or ketal and/or produced during the hydrogenation. The method is suited in particular for removing acetals, except for formals, or ketals of &agr;- or &bgr;-hydroxycarbonyl compounds out of reaction mixtures. The acetals and ketals are, in particular, cyclic compounds with a 1,3-dioxo structure, especially 1,3-dioxan compounds and 1,3-dioxolane compounds. During the hydrogenolytic splitting of the ring a 1,3-diol or 1,2-diol and the alcohol formed from the aldehyde or ketone are produced. Cyclic acetals with a 1,3-dioxo structure which are not substituted in the 2-position (this concerns formals) can be split only partially hydrogenolytically under customary conditions.
The method can be carried out continuously or batchwise, e.g., in a suspension method or a fixed-bed method. It is especially prefera
Haas Thomas
Jäger Bernd
Sauer Jorg
Vanheertum Rudolf
Degussa-Huls AG
O'Sullivan Peter
Pillsbury & Winthrop LLP
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