Mineral oils: processes and products – Products and compositions – Lubricating oils
Patent
1980-12-12
1982-08-24
Kratz, Peter F.
Mineral oils: processes and products
Products and compositions
Lubricating oils
48197R, 48 92, 201 10, 201 11, 208 8R, C10G 102, C10B 4914, C10B 5306
Patent
active
043459900
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to a method of continuously recovering oil and/or gas from carbonaceous material, by thermally treating said material in molten baths.
Developments in the fields of oil and nuclear energy have necessitated the search for new energy sources, interest being directed to carbonaceous minerals and other minerals containing carbon and hydro-carbons, for producing, for example, fuel having sufficient energy density to be used in combustion engines and for similar purposes. Such materials comprise coal, peat or shales, lignite and refinery residues, and biologically recovered material, such as seaweed, wood in all forms and the like. Several of the aforementioned materials contain volatile hydrocarbons, which can be condensed to liquid form and used as a valuable raw material in a number of chemical processes, such as for the production of methanol.
A large number of processes have been developed for recovering gaseous and liquid combustible substances from solid, carbonaceous fuels. The traditional gasworks is one such method, in which gas is recovered from lump coal by pyrolysis at temperatures over 800.degree. C. Such thermal treatment for utilizing carbonaceous fuels, however, means that mainly methane, hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide and coke are obtained. Hydrocarbons higher than methane are decomposed.
Various methods have been developed for thermally treating materials at lower temperatures, for recovering volatile, combustible and condensable constituents. In this respect, the temperature should not exceed about 700.degree. C., so as to avoid cracking of hydrocarbons which are volatile at normal temperatures. It is extremely difficult, however, to heat solid material in a manner such that volatile constituents can be driven off without the risk of overheating and partial cracking of the heated mass. Although a fluidized bed affords a practical manner of supplying heat to solid material, it is, inter alia, of great importance that the material is not excessively fine. Thus, fluidization of extremely fine material renders it difficult to achieve a sufficient residence time in the fluidized bed. Methods have also been proposed for pyrolysing, e.g., oil shale in aluminum melts, in which good heat transfer and pyrolysis of lump material have been achieved, although it has been impossible to avoid unacceptable admixture of aluminium with the pyrolysis residue.
Carbonaceous materials have also been gasified in molten slags, carbonate melts and raw-iron melts. Gasification implies a partial oxidation of the carbon content, by adding oxygen and/or water vapour.
The invention is disclosed in the accompanying claims. Thus, it has now been shown that a number of advantages can be gained if carbon-containing material is charged to an apparatus for thermal decomposition in two stages, in which stages the carbonaceous material is introduced into a first reactor vessel containing a melt, whose temperature is suitably beneath 700.degree. C., in which melt volatile hydrocarbons are released, by pyrolysis, without appreciable risk of cracking hydrocarbons which are volatile at normal temperatures. Part of the melt is transferred, together with non-volatilized constituents remaining in the melt, to a second reactor vessel containing a melt having a higher temperature than the temperature of the melt in the first reactor, suitably over 800.degree. C., preferably 1000.degree.-1400.degree. C., where the remaining amount of carbon in the material is gasified to carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas, by adding balanced quantities of oxygen in the form of oxygen gas, air, oxides or the like, whereafter melt and/or vapourized melt, i.e. material from said melt in vapourized form is returned to the melt of lower temperature contained in the first reactor vessel when the process is effected at atmospheric pressure. The hot melt and/or vapourized melt from the second reactor transfers to the melt of the first reactor, when returned thereto, substantially all the heat required to heat the material charged to s
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patent: 3718708 (1973-02-01), Ozawa et al.
patent: 3850742 (1974-11-01), Dugan et al.
patent: 3966583 (1976-06-01), Cramer
patent: 4070160 (1978-01-01), Cottle
Fahlstrom Per A. H. H.
Gorling Karl G.
Boliden Aktiebolag
Kratz Peter F.
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