Electrical computers and digital processing systems: multicomput – Computer-to-computer data routing – Least weight routing
Reexamination Certificate
1996-07-11
2001-10-23
Courtenay, III, St.-John (Department: 2151)
Electrical computers and digital processing systems: multicomput
Computer-to-computer data routing
Least weight routing
Reexamination Certificate
active
06308225
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a new method for performing distributed object calls. Specifically, the present invention allows client and server applications to communicate via generic function calls without relying upon the specific transport mechanism utilized by a commercial object request broker.
2. Background
Distributed object computing combines the concepts of distributed computing and object-oriented computing. Distributed computing consists of two or more pieces of software sharing information with each other. These two pieces of software could be running on the same computer or on different computers connected to a common network. Most distributed computing is based on a client/server model. With the client/server model, two major types of software are used: client software, which requests the information or service, and server software, which provides or implements the information or service.
Object-oriented computing is based upon the object model where pieces of code called “objects”—often abstracted from real objects in the real world—contain data and may have actions (also known as “operations”) performed on them. An object is defined by its interface (or “class” in C++ parlance). The interface defines the characteristics and behavior of a kind of object, including the operations that can be performed on objects of that interface and the parameters to that operation. A specific instance of an object is identified within a distributed object system by a unique identifier called an object reference.
In a distributed object system, a client application sends a request (or “invocation” or “object call”) to a server application containing an indication of the operation to be performed on a specific object, the parameters to that operation, the object reference for that object, and a mechanism to return error information (or “exception information”) about the success or failure of a request. The server application receives the request and carries out the request via a server “implementation.” The implementation satisfies the client's request for an operation on a specific object. The implementation includes one or more methods, which are the portions of code in the server application that actually do the work requested of the implementation. If the implementation is carried out successfully, the server application returns a response to the client, if necessary. The server application may also return exception information.
To standardize distributed object systems, the Object Management Group (“OMG”), a consortium of computer software companies, proposed the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (“CORBA”). Under the CORBA standard, an Object Request Broker (“ORB”) provides a communication hub for all objects in the system passing the request to the server and returning the response to the client. Commercial ORB's are known in the art and a common type is IBM's System Object Model (“SOM”). On the client side, the ORB handles requests for the invocation of a method and the related selection of servers and methods. When an application sends a request to the ORB for a method to be performed on an object, the ORB validates the arguments contained in the request against the interface for that object and dispatches the request to the server, starting it if necessary. On the server side, the ORB uses information in the request to determine the best implementation to satisfy the request. This information includes the operation the client is requesting, what type of object the operation is being performed on, and any additional information stored for the request. In addition, the server-side ORB validates each request and its arguments. The ORB is also responsible for transmitting the response back to the client.
Both the client application and the server application must have information about the available interfaces, including the objects and operations that can be performed on those objects. To facilitate the common sharing of interface definitions, OMG proposed the Interface Definition Language (“IDL”). IDL is a definition language (not a programming language) that is used to describe an object's interface; that is, the characteristics and behavior of a kind of object, including the operations that can be performed on those objects.
IDL interfaces define a set of operations that a client can invoke on an object. An interface can declare one or more exceptions, which indicate that an IDL operation did not perform successfully. Operations may receive parameters and return a return value. Each parameter to an operation may have a “direction” that indicates whether the value is passed from client to server as an input parameter (“in”), from server to client as an output parameter (“out”), or in both directions as an input/output parameter (“inout”). The parameter also has a data type that constrains its possible values. Operations may also optionally have a “one-way” attribute, which specifies which invocation semantics the communication service must provide for invocations of a particular operation. When a client invokes an operation with the one-way attribute, the invocation semantics are “best-effort”, implying that the operation will be implemented by the server at most once. If an attempt to implement the operation fails, the server does not attempt to implement the operation again. An operation with the one-way attribute must specify a void return type and must not contain any output parameters.
Data types are used to describe the accepted values of IDL operation parameters, exceptions, and return values. IDL supports two categories of data types: basic and compound. Basic types include short integers, long integers, long long integers, unsigned long integers, unsigned short integers, floating points, double, character, boolean, and octet. Compound types include enum, string, struct, array, union, sequence, and “any” types. The struct type is similar to a C structure; it lets interface designers create a complex data type using one or more type definitions. The sequence type lets interface designers pass a variable-size array of objects. The “any” type can represent any possible data type—basic or compound.
IDL is designed to be used in distributed object systems implementing OMG's CORBA, Revision 2.0 specification, which is incorporated by reference herein. In a typical system implementing the CORBA specification, interface definitions are written in an IDL-defined source file (also known as a “translation unit”). The source file is compiled by an IDL compiler that generates programming-language-specific files, including client stub files, server stub files, and header files. Client stub files are language-specific mappings of IDL operation definitions for an object type into procedural routines, one for each operation. When compiled by a language-specific compiler and linked into a client application, the stub routines may be called by the client application to invoke a request. Similarly, the server stub files are language-specific mappings of IDL operation definitions for an object type (defined by an interface) into procedural routines. When compiled and linked into a server application, the server application can call these routines when a corresponding request arrives. Header files are compiled and linked into client and server applications and are used to define common data types.
Current commercial CORBA-compliant ORBs, however, require clients and servers to utilize a particular transport mechanism, such as TCP/IP. Sun Microsystem's Distributed Objects Everywhere, for instance, runs on Sun platforms using TCP/IP as its underlying protocol. IBM's System Object Model provides support for TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, and NetBIOS. Expersoft's XShell supports only TCP/IP. This reliance upon a particular protocol limits the ability of heterogeneous systems to communicate. This protocol-dependence limits the ability of an enterprise to incorporate legacy systems into its
724 Solutions, Inc.
Courtenay, III St.-John
Thompson & Knight LLP
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