Electricity: measuring and testing – Particle precession resonance – Using well logging device
Reexamination Certificate
2000-12-14
2003-07-29
Lefkowitz, Edward (Department: 2859)
Electricity: measuring and testing
Particle precession resonance
Using well logging device
Reexamination Certificate
active
06600315
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
This invention generally relates to a technique to achieve high resolution measurements of petrophysical properties, and more particularly, the invention relates to a technique to generate accurate and high resolution estimates of petrophysical properties by the use of alpha processing.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements typically are performed to investigate properties of a sample. For example, an NMR wireline or logging while drilling (LWD) downhole tool may be used to measure petrophysical properties that are associated with downhole formations. In this manner, a typical NMR tool may, for example, provide a lithology-independent measurement of the porosity of a particular formation by determining the total amount of hydrogen present in fluids of the formation. Equally important, the NMR tool may also provide measurements that indicate the dynamic properties and environment of the fluids, as these factors may be related to petrophysically important parameters. For example, the NMR measurements may provide permeability and viscosity information that is difficult or impossible to derive from other conventional logging arrangements. Thus, it is the capacity of the NMR tool to perform these measurements that makes it particularly attractive versus other types of downhole tools.
Typical NMR logging tools include a magnet that is used to polarize hydrogen nuclei (protons) in the formation and a transmitter coil, or antenna, that emits radio frequency (RF) pulses. A receiver antenna may measure the response (indicated by received spin echo signals) of the polarized hydrogen to the transmitted pulses. Quite often, the transmitter and receiver antennae are combined into a single transmitter/receiver antenna.
There are several experimental parameters that may be adjusted according to the objectives of the NMR measurement and expected properties of the formation fluids. However, the NMR techniques employed in current NMR tools typically involve some variant of a basic two step sequence that includes a polarization period followed by an acquisition sequence.
During the polarization period (often referred to as a wait time) the protons in the formation polarize in the direction of a static magnetic field (called B
o
) that is established by a permanent magnet (of the NMR tool). The growth of nuclear magnetization M(t) (i.e., the growth of the polarization) is characterized by the “longitudinal relaxation time” (called T
1
) of the fluid and its maximum value (called M
0
), as described by the following equation:
M
(
t
)
=
M
0
(
1
-
ⅇ
-
t
T
1
)
The duration of the polarization period may be specified by the operator (conducting the measurement) and includes the time between the end of one acquisition sequence and the beginning of the next. For a moving tool, the effective polarization period also depends on tool dimensions and logging speed.
Referring to
FIG. 1
, as an example, a sample (in the volume under investigation) may initially have a longitudinal magnetization M
Z
10
of approximately zero. The zero magnetization may be attributable to a preceding acquisition sequence, for example. However, the magnetization M
Z
10
(under the influence of the B
0
field) increases to a magnetization level (called M(t
w
(
1
)) after a polarization time t
w
(
1
) after zero magnetization. As shown, after a longer polarization time t
w
(
2
) from zero magnetization, the M
Z
magnetization
10
increases to an M(t
w
(
2
)) level.
An acquisition sequence begins after the polarization period. For example, an acquisition sequence may begin at time t
w
(
1
), a time at which the magnetization M
Z
10
is at the M(t
w
(
1
)) level. At this time, RF pulses are transmitted from a transmitter antenna of the tool. The pulses, in turn, produce a train of spin echo signals
16
, and the initial amplitudes of the spin echo signals
16
indicate a point on the magnetization M
Z
10
curve, such as the M(t
w
(
1
)) level, for example. Therefore, by conducting several measurements that have different polarization times, points on the magnetization M
Z
10
curve may be derived, and thus, the T
1
time for the particular formation may be determined. A receiver antenna (that may be formed from the same coil as the transmitter antenna) receives the train of spin echo signals
16
and stores digital signals that indicate the spin echo signals
16
.
As an example, for the acquisition sequence, a typical logging tool may emit a pulse sequence based on the CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) pulse sequence. The application of the CPMG pulse train includes first emitting an RF burst, called an RF pulse, that has the appropriate duration to rotate the magnetization, initially polarized along the B
0
field, by 90° into a plane perpendicular to the B
0
field. The RF pulse that rotates the magnetization by 90° is said to introduce a flip angle of 90°. Next, a train of equally spaced 180° RF pulses is transmitted. Each 180° RF pulse has the appropriate duration to rotate the magnet moment by 180° to refocus the spins to generate each spin echo signal
16
. Each RF pulse that rotates the magnetization by 180° is said to introduce a flip angle of 180°. Individual hydrogen nuclei experience randomly time-varying magnetic environments during the pulse sequence, a condition that results in an irreversible loss of magnetization and a consequent decrease in successive echo amplitudes. The rate of loss of magnetization is characterized by a “transverse relaxation time” (called T
2
) and is depicted by the decaying envelope
12
of FIG.
1
.
In general, the above NMR measurement of the T
1
time may be referred to as a saturation recovery, or T
1
-based, measurement due to the fact that the nuclear spins are saturated (i.e., the magnetization is decreased to approximately zero) at the beginning of the wait time. Thus, from the NMR measurement, a value of the magnetization M
Z
10
curve may be determined from the initial signal amplitude. In general, an NMR measurement of the signal decay may be labeled a T
2
-based measurement. It is noted that every T
2
measurement is T
1
weighted due to the fact that prepolarization occurs during the wait time before the acquisition sequence.
The initial amplitude of the envelope
12
is proportional to the product of the porosity and the hydrogen index of the formation fluids. The rate at which the envelope
12
decays is governed by the chemical nature of the fluids, the fluid viscosity, and the pore structure of the formation, which may be related to permeability. Standard data analysis involves fitting the echo amplitudes to a multi-exponential function. The coefficients which result from the fitting process constitute a relaxation time distribution, usually referred to as a T
2
distribution. Small T
2
values, deriving from fast relaxing components in the echo train, are generally associated with bound fluid, whereas large T
2
values reflect free fluid. Total porosity is proportional to the area under the T
2
distribution, which is identical to the initial amplitude of the multi-exponential function. Bound water can be identified with the short T
2
components in the distribution, while free fluid generally contributes to the long T
2
components.
The precision with which porosity, bound fluid, and free fluid volumes can be derived is determined by the intrinsic noise level of the measurement. In practice, it is usual to average NMR echo data over several depth levels in order to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) prior to inversion. This procedure improves the accuracy of the computed quantities but degrades the vertical resolution. In thin laminated beds, resolution can be critical for correct petrophysical evaluation, and in these situations, vertical averaging of measurements may be detrimental.
A processing technique for enhancing the vertical resolution of logging data is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,794,792 (the '792 patent). The '792 patent discloses using one sensor to obtain an accurate, but low resolution
Cao Minh Chanh
Flaum Charles
Heaton Nicholas J.
Jeffery Brigitte L.
Lefkowitz Edward
McEnaney Kevin P.
Schlumberger Technology Corporation
Vargas Dixomara
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