Etching a substrate: processes – Forming or treating optical article – Lens
Reexamination Certificate
1998-12-15
2001-02-13
Mills, Gregory (Department: 1763)
Etching a substrate: processes
Forming or treating optical article
Lens
C216S072000, C216S024000, C359S584000, C359S355000, C359S472000, C430S321000, C430S323000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06187211
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method of fabrication for multi-step microlithographic structures. More particularly, the invention is directed to a method of fabrication for multi-step microlithographic structures (e.g. Fresnel lenses used in acoustic ink printing applications) whereby the process includes the formation of intermediate etch stop layers within the block from which the structure is formed. In one embodiment, the method includes forming such layers by depositing etch material in-situ with Fresnel lens material. This is accomplished in the invention by depositing the lens material using known techniques and then selectively altering the chemistry of the material being deposited to form the intermediate etch stop layers at suitable positions without interrupting the deposition process. In another embodiment, the etch stop layers are patterned between layers of lens material. In either case, the lens is then formed using masking, patterning and etching techniques.
While the invention is particularly directed to the art of fabrication of multi-step microlithographic structures including, as a specific example, Fresnel lens fabrication in the acoustic ink printing environment, and will thus be described with specific reference thereto, it will be appreciated that the invention may have usefulness in other fields and applications. In this regard, the fabrication method also applies to Fresnel lenses or other multi-step microlithographic structures for use in, for example, optical, mechanical and electromechanical devices and is not limited to the acoustic ink printing environment.
Nonetheless, multi-discrete-phase Fresnel elements have been proposed for optical applications. See Swanson et al., “Infrared Applications of Diffractive Optical Elements,”
Holographic Optics: Design and Application,
SPIE Vol. 883, 1988, pp. 155-162. Indeed, Fresnel lens elements have been proposed for use specifically in connection with acoustic ink printing applications. In this regard, commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,849 to Quate et al., which is incorporated herein by this reference, discloses the use of Fresnel lenses in acoustic ink printing systems. In addition, commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,028 to Hadimioglu et al. and commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,779,751 to Wong, which are also incorporated herein by reference, disclose processes for fabricating Fresnel lenses.
To specifically demonstrate an example of an environment of use for a Fresnel lens,
FIG. 1
shows a portion of an exemplary acoustic ink printhead
11
comprising an array of substantially identical multi-discrete-phase binary Fresnel acoustic focussing lenses
12
a-d.
This particular printhead configuration is well suited for certain types of printing, such as line printing, but it should be appreciated that such printheads (or substantially similar printheads) are also applicable to other pertinent configurations for implementing a variety of different print modes.
As shown in
FIG. 2
, the printhead
11
is embodied in an acoustic ink printer
13
for ejecting individual droplets of ink
14
from a free surface
15
of a pool of liquid ink
16
on demand at a sufficient ejection velocity to cause the droplets
14
to deposit in an image configuration on a nearby recording medium
17
. To that end, the printhead
11
comprises a planar piezoelectric transducer
21
which is disposed on the rear face of an acoustically conductive substrate
22
, such as a acoustically flat quartz, glass or silicon substrate. The opposite face of the substrate
22
has disposed thereon the concentric phase profiles of the Fresnel lens
12
a
which is generally representative of all lenses used. Sound waves are generated by the transducer
21
and focussed by the Fresnel lens toward the surface
15
of ink pool
16
to emit the droplets
14
therefrom.
As to the Fresnel lens, it should be appreciated that the representative lens
12
a
is a quantized approximation of the continuous phase profile of a theoretically ideal, 100% efficient, Fresnel phase plate. Accordingly, it will be evident that the acoustic focussing efficiency of the lens
12
a
and the width of its narrowest feature are dependent upon the number, n, of discrete phase levels to which its phase profiles is quantized. More specifically, as described in the above identified Swanson et al. article, two phase, four phase, eight phase and sixteen phase embodiments are approximately 41%, 81%, 95% and 99% efficient, respectively, for diffracting axial incident radiation into a focussed +1 diffraction order. A four phase Fresnel lens that is approximately 81% efficient has been determined to be acceptable for most acoustic ink printing applications.
There is a need for an economical and reliable process for manufacturing Fresnel lenses of the type noted herein that are in compliance with the design specifications of acoustic ink printing, for example. In this regard, typically, a four-phase Fresnel lens structure consists of three discrete steps. Depending on the process used, the thickness of each step may be determined by a time etch. In this case, uniformity may be compromised due to nonuniform etching characteristics resulting in over-etching and under-etching. Therefore, uniform etching is desired because overall ejector uniformity and Fresnel lens uniformity is critical to good print quality. Likewise, it is to be appreciated that uniformity and an economic and reliable process are also desired in applications other than Fresnel lens fabrication for acoustic ink printing.
The present invention contemplates a new and improved fabrication method for multi-step microlithographic structures including Fresnel lenses used in, for example, acoustic ink printing applications and other such structures used in other applications which resolves the above referenced difficulties and others.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A multi-step microlithographic structure fabrication method is provided which uses intermediate etch stop layers that are embedded in the material of the structure.
In one aspect of the invention, the method comprises steps of depositing a layer of a first material (onto a substrate) comprised of a plurality of elements or compounds supplied in first proportions, altering the first proportions of the plurality of elements or compounds to obtain a second material comprised of the plurality of elements or compounds supplied in second proportions, depositing an etch stop layer of the second material on the first material, altering the second proportions to again obtain the first material, and depositing another layer of the first material on the layer of the second material. These steps may be selectively repeated to form a block having embedded etch stop layers from which the structure may be formed.
In another aspect of the invention, etch stop layers are embedded between layers of material in a patterned fashion by depositing a layer of the first material and then patterning an etch stop layer thereon before depositing another layer of the first material. The process can be selectively repeated to build a block of material having embedded etch stop layers.
In another aspect of the invention, the method includes selectively masking and etching the block to form the structure.
In another aspect of the invention, the method is applied to fabrication of Fresnel lenses used in acoustic ink printing applications.
Further scope of the applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided below. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art.
REFERENCES:
patent: 4751529 (1988-06-01), Elrod et al.
patent: 4751530 (1988-06-01), Elrod et al.
patent: 4895790 (1990-01-01), Swanson et al.
patent: 5041849 (1991-08-01), Quate et al.
Hadimioglu Babur B.
Lim Martin G.
Mikkelsen, Jr. James C.
Smith Donald L.
Fay Sharpe Fagan Minnich & McKee LLP
Hassanzadeh P.
Mills Gregory
Xerox Corporation
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