Demodulators – Pulse or interrupted continuous wave demodulator
Reexamination Certificate
2001-05-07
2001-10-23
Mis, David (Department: 2817)
Demodulators
Pulse or interrupted continuous wave demodulator
C375S340000, C375S353000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06307428
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
The invention relates to a method for demodulating a voltage that has been amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulated by changing the amplitude between a low level and a high level. This form of modulation is particularly suitable for use during contactless data transmission from a card reader/writer to a smart card. A demodulator is provided for carrying out the method, and also a circuit configuration for a smart card having such a demodulator is described.
Smart cards, which have an electronic chip instead of a magnetic strip, are becoming increasingly important on account of their much higher performance and the associated diverse opportunities for use. Since the smart cards are intended to be operated contactlessly once inserted into a card reader, it is necessary not only to demodulate the voltage that is received on the smart card, but also to produce therefrom the supply voltage required for the chip.
Various modulation methods are known for data transmission from the card reader to the smart card. Besides the on/off keying (OOK) modulation method, modulation by amplitude change between two levels (amplitude shift keying (ASK)) takes place particularly frequently, generally in the range from eight to twelve percent of the total amplitude and using non return to zero (NRZ) coding.
In this context, the demodulator situated on the smart card has particular requirements placed on it, since movements of the card in the transmission field of the card reader have a similar effect to modulation, but need to be distinguished therefrom. The result of this is that the demodulator circuit needs to be able to demodulate, by way of example, 10% level fluctuations of different duration (NRZ coding) for operating voltage fluctuations of different duration which are many times larger than the actual amplitude modulation. Consequently, the dynamic range of the signal that is to be demodulated is also relatively large. In addition, twice the frequency of the medium is superimposed on this signal, since the received signal is first passed via a full-wave rectifier. Published, Non-Prosecuted German Patent Application DE 197 03 967 A1 discloses a receiver with amplitude shift keying. It discloses an ASK receiver having the following features.
A signal reception section for receiving, amplifying and quantizing an ASK signal, a frequency divider for dividing a clock signal by a predetermined value, a counting section for counting the ASK signal at predetermined intervals under the control of the frequency divider, and a comparison section for comparing the count for the counting section with a reference value to ascertain whether the count lies in a predetermined range, in order to determine whether the signal is normal. In addition, a pulse detection section is provided for compensating for errors such as are produced in the comparison section by interference signals which, to some extent, are contained in the signal from the signal reception section. In addition, a counter with a random section is provided for producing a signal that simultaneously satisfies the output signals both from the comparison section and from the pulse detection section by using a clock signal whose speed is n times the transmission rate. Finally, a signal restoration section is provided for restoring the original signal from the signal of the counter with random section.
ISSCC 97, section 17.6 discloses a circuit in which the ASK modulated signal contained in the supply voltage is compared with its delayed signal using a comparator, and the digital signal is obtained therefrom. A disadvantage of this, however, is the level range within which the comparator operates, which is only small. It is then not possible to regulate the supply voltage, since this would result in the loss of the signal that is to be demodulated. Furthermore, level difference measurement is very susceptible to faults.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a method for ASK demodulation, and an ASK demodulator which overcome the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art devices and methods of this general type, which permits much more reliable recovery of the transmitted data signal.
With the foregoing and other objects in view there is provided, in accordance with the invention, a method for demodulating a modulated voltage being amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulated by changing an amplitude between a low level and a high level. The method includes the steps of producing, in an initialization phase, a first mean value from a high voltage level and a stored partial voltage derived therefrom and comparing the modulated voltage with the first mean value to detect a change to a low voltage level of the modulated voltage. A detection of the low voltage level represents a start value. In a subsequent demodulation phase, a second mean value is generated from the low voltage level detected and the high voltage level for demodulating the modulated voltage by comparing the modulated voltage with the second mean value.
The object is achieved using a method, in which, in the initialization phase, the first mean value is produced from the high voltage level and a stored partial voltage derived therefrom in order to detect a change to a low voltage level, which represents a start value, by a subsequent comparison of the modulated voltage with the first mean value. And, in a subsequent demodulation phase, a second mean value is produced from the detected low voltage level and the high voltage level in order to demodulate the modulated voltage by a comparison with the second mean value.
A particular advantage of this solution is that there is a high level of interference immunity from spikes. This is primarily achieved by virtue of the fact that a start level is obtained not using edge detection, but rather using level measurement and from 2 of 3 level ratings.
With the foregoing and other objects in view there is provided, in accordance with the invention, a demodulator. The demodulator contains an input terminal for receiving a modulated voltage, and a capacitive voltage divider having a first capacitor and a second capacitor connected in series with the first capacitor. The capacitive voltage divider is connected to the input terminal for receiving the modulated voltage and has a tap for supplying a first mean value. A comparator having a first input is connected to the tap and receives the first mean value and a second input is connected to the input terminal for receiving the modulated voltage. A third capacitor for storing a detected low voltage level and able to be connected in parallel with the capacitive voltage divider to produce a second mean value is provided.
In accordance with an added feature of the invention, a digital circuit is connected downstream of the comparator and switches are connected to and actuated by the digital circuit. The switches are connected to the capacitive voltage divider, the comparator and the third capacitor such that, in an initialization phase, the modulated voltage is supplied to the capacitive voltage divider, and once the detected low voltage level has been stored in the third capacitor, the third capacitor is connected in parallel with the capacitive voltage divider and is connected to the first input of the comparator, while the modulated voltage is applied to the second input of the comparator.
In accordance with another feature of the invention, a diode is connected between the input terminal and the capacitive voltage divider.
In accordance with a further feature of the invention, a further comparator is provided, and the diode is a switch controlled by the further comparator.
Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a method for ASK demodulation, and an ASK demodulator, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and stru
Blum Andreas
Eichner Dierk
Güngerich Volker
Nebel Gerhard
Reiner Robert
Greenberg Laurence A.
Infineon - Technologies AG
Lerner Herbert L.
Mis David
Stemer Werner H.
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