Pulse or digital communications – Transmitters – Antinoise or distortion
Reexamination Certificate
1999-03-12
2003-01-28
Phu, Phuong (Department: 2631)
Pulse or digital communications
Transmitters
Antinoise or distortion
C375S298000, C375S235000, C332S103000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06512800
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method for detecting and correcting phase and amplitude imbalances of a quadrature modulated RF signal.
2. Description of Related Art
Quadrature modulators are devices that are used in many digital wireless communication systems. They are used to form one signal containing a digital bit stream and a radio frequency carrier using in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) input signals. The output is a modulated signal ready for transmission after amplification. In order to perform at their best, such modulators have to have the following three parameters (among others) under control:
a. amplitude imbalance—the I and Q channels must have equal amplitude gain;
b. quadrature error—deviation from the ideal 90° phase shift between the I and Q channels;
c. DC offset that is usually generated by the modulator itself and is a cause for degradation in carrier suppression. “Carrier suppression” is the leakage of the un-modulated RF signal through the modulator.
The cost of a quadrature modulator is largely determined by the quality of the foregoing parameters a-c. In order to reduce the cost of a transmitter, it is common to use lower cost modulators and actively correct the above parameters a-c in order to meet specifications.
Alternatively, it may be necessary to improve the performance of existing modulator hardware to allow accommodation of new standards, such as IS 136+. Accordingly, a means was needed to determine the extent to which a given quadrature modulator exhibited the foregoing parameters a-c and, if there are errors, to correct them quickly, preferably without time consuming trial and error search procedures.
The problems described above are generally related to the test and/or calibration of both base stations and terminals such as digital and phone transmitters.
In many practical cases, the prior art technique consisted primarily of trial and error. Many TDMA and CDMA transmitters have AC and DC I and Q inputs. A technician would typically apply a variety of offset signals, either manually or using a computer program, until all of the three parameters a-c were within acceptable limits. After that point, the transmitter calibration was complete. Unfortunately, the trial and error technique sometimes requires a large number of tests to bring an RF transmitter into alignment.
One example of a prior art correction technique is described in a book entitled “Digital Techniques for Wideband Receivers” by J. Tsui and is set forth in Chapter 8, Section 14, thereof and entitled “Digital Correction of IQ Channel Imbalance”. This prior art technique uses an expression for time-domain modulator output as the starting point. By using a tone signal and comparing four measured time-domain samples to the modulator mathematical expression, it is possible to solve for the DC offset, IQ imbalance and quadrature error. This prior art method is best suited for receivers, for which time-domain samples are likely to be the normal output data of the unit under test. It is not believed that this technique is especially well suited for transmitters.
In contrast, the present invention is advantageous for transmitters, where the output signal is an RF carrier. In this case, according to the prior art, specialized instrumentation, such as a vector signal analyzer or a down converter and digitizer, would be needed to acquire the time samples. According to the present invention, however, various different embodiments thereof use three, four or five measurements, but these measurements correspond to different combinations of the probe value &rgr; for amplitude imbalance and the probe value &phgr; for quadrature error. One particular advantage of the present invention, therefore, is that the measurements may be performed using the most common transmitter test instruments—the RF spectrum analyzer. Furthermore, one embodiment of the present invention includes the scale factor to convert between the measured data and the control variables.
It was in the context of the foregoing problem that the present invention arose.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Briefly described, the invention comprises the use of three, and sometimes four, independent applications of two predetermined introduced errors both in amplitude, &rgr;, and in phase &phgr; in order to completely define the phase and amplitude imbalance of the quadrature modulator. Knowing that, it is possible to determine how the input signal can be pre-distorted to correct for such imbalances. The present method is based upon the use of side-band suppression to measure the quadrature modulator performance. Three measurements are taken for three different pre-distorted input signals. The applied pre-distortion actively perturbs the amplitude and phase of the incoming signal. The solution of three simultaneous equations provides the needed phase and amplitude corrections. By means of a fourth perturbation it is also possible to correct for an unknown control scale factor for the balance adjustments if necessary.
REFERENCES:
patent: 5351016 (1994-09-01), Dent
patent: 5371481 (1994-12-01), Tittanen et al.
patent: 5705958 (1998-01-01), Janer
patent: 6208698 (2001-03-01), Marchesani et al.
patent: 6222878 (2001-04-01), McCallister et al.
“Digital Techniques for Wideband Receivers” by James Tsui (1995), chapter 8, section 14, pp. 256-261.
Amir Israel
Heutmaker Michael S.
Welch John Rolland
Lucent Technologies - Inc.
Phu Phuong
Woodbridge & Associates
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