Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Antigen – epitope – or other immunospecific immunoeffector – Bacterium or component thereof or substance produced by said...
Patent
1983-02-23
1984-05-29
Roberts, Elbert L.
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Antigen, epitope, or other immunospecific immunoeffector
Bacterium or component thereof or substance produced by said...
424242, 424243, A01N 4500
Patent
active
044514603
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
In modern society conflicts may easily arise between different interests with respect to the use of natural resources such as forests, meadows and fields. The parties in this conflict may be numerous, and the individual citizen will often belong to different sides according to the activity exercised at the moment. A rich animal life is for instance very gratifying for those interested in hunting, but constitutes a problem to road users and may cause browsing damages in fields, forest plantations and gardens.
The growth in the number of elk and roe deer has accelerated in the later years, partly because of various game encouraging measures. At the same time the frequency of accidents caused by collision between these animals and cars has become greater and grown into a serious traffic problem (The Highways Department of the Swedish State: The Game Accident Project, May 1980). Even half-wild animals, such as reindeer in the northern part of Scandinavia, cause similar difficulties for the traffic.
Admittedly, browsing damages by elk, roe deer and other wild animals on forest plantations, fields and gardens do not involve personal injuries or death, but has because of the increase in the stock of animals grown to such a size that they are significant both from a private and a social economic viewpoint. It is therefore natural that great efforts are made to find methods for keeping wild and half-wild animals away from the areas which they damage.
The largest effort, at least from a quantitative viewpoint, has been made in connection with game and highway traffic. Acoustic, optical and chemical methods have been used in addition to fences along certain highways. The optical repellent means, primarily game mirrors, have largely proven to be without effect since after a short familiarization period the animals do not mind the mirrors any longer. Also for the acoustic methods tested the familiarization is so fast that the methods are completely without effect in practice.
If fences are made sufficiently high and close, they are effective at least as far as larger animals such as elk and roe deer are concerned. However, cost reasons and the fact that fences hamper outdoor life, indicate that this method for avoiding game accidents cannot be used but to a very limited extent (The Highways Department of the Swedish State: The Game Accident Project, May 1980).
Experiments with smelling repellent means against wild animals have been conducted by numerous parties. Special reference is made to an experiment in which cresol, isobutylalcohol, hartshorn oil, blood meal, thiram and butyric acid have been used as a repellent means against elk. In some cases a certain repellent effect has been observed. However, the experimental design has been such that no definite conclusions about familiarization and other long term effects have been possible (Hans Rosengarten, University of Stockholm, Experiments with Smelling Repellents against Elk, January 1979).
It is known that animals often react to the smell of beasts of prey usually attacking the animal species by running away. Any hunter and outdoor person is familiar with the fact that most wild animals avoid contact with human beings, and that it is the smell which to a great extent makes the animal aware of the presence of human beings. In almost every case, approaching a browsing roe deer in following wind results in a flight reaction, whereas a corresponding attempt in headwind has a possibility of succeeding if normal care is observed. The tendency of the animals to run away when noticing human smell has been utilized by suspending human hair in order to keep fissiped game away from orchards (Cultivation of Fruit and Berries, No. 5, 1979/No. 1, 1980).
It should be observed that the ability of the animals to perceive smells is usually substantially greater than that of human beings. When smell and smell substances are referred to in the preceding and the subsequent paragraphs, the perception of the animals is referred to. The substances referred to as smell substances may somet
REFERENCES:
patent: 3694593 (1972-09-01), Needham et al.
patent: 4038385 (1977-07-01), Bowyer
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 85, (1976) par. 42,278(g).
Hansen Helge
Nystrom Borje
Torneng Eyvin
Liberman Arthur L.
Nordtend A/S
Roberts Elbert L.
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