Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Topical sun or radiation screening – or tanning preparations
Patent
1995-06-06
1997-07-08
Dodson, Shelley A.
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Topical sun or radiation screening, or tanning preparations
424 60, 424 7808, A61K 742, A61K 3174
Patent
active
056458223
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method and apparatus which are useful in the simulated tanning of skin. More particularly, the invention relates to the treatment of skin with dihydroxyacetone compositions, to form a brownish coloration thereon.
INTRODUCTION TO THE INVENTION
It has long been known that certain compounds form pigments when applied to the skin. Products containing dihydroxyacetone (frequently simply abbreviated "DHA") have been marketed since the early 1960's, and have been found satisfactory by many persons who wish to give their skin the appearance of an attractive tan, but do not desire to risk the now well-appreciated health hazards of exposure to solar or artificially-generated ultraviolet radiation.
However, some persons have not obtained the desired results from DHA applications. A small number of individuals develop a coloration which tends to appear yellowish or orange. Some others, probably due to perspiration, rubbing or washing during the slow generation of color as skin components react with DHA, or to a lack of care to evenly apply the DHA, develop uneven coloration.
The chemistry of DHA-skin interaction has been investigated by several workers. Wittgenstein and Berry published a paper "Reaction of Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) with Human Skin Callus and Amino Compounds," in The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 36, pages 283-286 (1961), describing work to characterize the browning phenomenon. They reported that DHA reacts with a number of compounds, including ammonia and amino acids, to form a brown color, and theorized that skin browning is due to the reaction of DHA with free amino groups in the skin, the amino groups probably being on arginine molecules which are present in skin proteins.
A. Meybeck published "A Spectroscopic Study of the Reaction Products of Dihydroxyacetone with Aminoacids" in Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, Vol. 28, pages 25-35 (1977), and characterized brown pigments formed from the reaction of DHA with amino and other acids at 100.degree. C. Further experiments at 37.degree. C. were conducted to better simulate reactions which may occur in the skin: DHA was reacted with the amino acids glycine, lysine, alanine, serine and arginine, but only glycine and lysine produced significant amounts of pigment after 24 hours. It was concluded that DHA must act by initially condensing with free amino acids at the skin surface, followed by polymerization and linking to proteins in the stratum corneum, probably through lysine side chains.
A further study was reported by M. F. Bobin, M. C. Martini and J. Cotte, "Effects of Color Adjuvants on the Tanning Effect of Dihydroxyacetone," Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, Vol. 35, pages 265-272 (1984). This work involved measuring the rate of color development after mixing DHA and various amino acids or their derivatives, and applications of DHA and methionine sulfoxide in vivo. It was concluded that methionine sulfoxide is a useful adjuvant to DHA, as the combination provided rapid color development, plus a more intense and long lasting color than would be obtained with only DHA. This result was thought to result from the affinity of methionine sulfoxide for keratin.
Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 95, abstract 30226 g (1981) summarizes a German patent document (3,037,497) pertaining to dyeing skin, hair, feathers, fur, etc. by treating with a mixture of DHA and an amino acid sulfoxide. When DHA and methionine sulfoxide were applied in cream formulations, skin turned a deep brown color after three hours and the color was more resistant to washing than that obtained with only DHA.
Black et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,177,120, discussed the problem of including DHA and amino group-containing sunscreens together in a formulation, and concluded that only sunscreens free from amino groups should be used, to prevent formation of a yellow or brown color in the storage container; color formation is also said to be accompanied by inactivation of both the DHA and sunscreen.
In spite of the teachin
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Ando Michael E.
Meyer Thomas A.
Dicker Eric S.
Dodson Shelley A.
Franks Robert A.
Schering-Plough Healthcare Products Inc.
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