Surgery – Diagnostic testing – Measuring or detecting nonradioactive constituent of body...
Patent
1997-06-05
1999-11-09
Winakur, Eric F.
Surgery
Diagnostic testing
Measuring or detecting nonradioactive constituent of body...
600476, 356 39, 356364, 382134, A61B 500
Patent
active
059831200
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to reflected light analysis. More particularly, the present invention is related to the use of reflected spectral imaging to perform non-invasive analysis of a subject's vascular system. The present invention is also related to the use of cross-polarizers in reflected spectral imaging analysis.
2. Related Art
Widely accepted medical school doctrine teaches that the complete blood count including the white blood cell differential (CBC+Diff) is one of the best tests to assess a patient's overall health. With it, a physician can detect or diagnose anemia, infection, blood loss, acute and chronic diseases, allergies, and other conditions. CBC+Diff analyses provide comprehensive information on constituents in blood, including the number of red cells, the hematocrit, the hemoglobin concentration, and indices that portray the size, shape, and oxygen-carrying characteristics of the entire red blood cell (RBC) population. The CBC+Diff also includes the number and types of white blood cells and the number of platelets. The CBC+Diff is one of the most frequently requested diagnostic tests with about two billion done in the United States per year.
A conventional CBC+Diff test is done in an "invasive" manner in which a sample of venous blood is drawn from a patient through a needle, and submitted to a laboratory for analysis. For example, a phlebotomist (an individual specially trained in drawing blood) collects a sample of venous blood into a tube containing an anticoagulant to prevent the blood from clotting. The sample is then sent to a hematology laboratory to be processed, typically on automated, multiparameter analytical instruments, such as those manufactured by Coulter Diagnostics of Miami, Fla. The CBC+Diff test results are returned to the requesting physician, typically on the next day.
In medical diagnosis it is often necessary to measure other types of blood components, such as non-cellular constituents present in the plasma component of blood. Such constituents can include, for example, blood gases and bilirubin. Bilirubin is a reddish to yellow pigment produced in the metabolic breakdown of hemoglobin and other proteins. Bilirubin is removed from the blood by the liver and is excreted from the body. However, the livers of newborn children, especially premature babies, cannot process bilirubin effectively.
The birth process often results in extensive bruising, resulting in blood escaping into the tissues where it is broken down metabolically. For this and other medical causes, bilirubin may accumulate in the blood stream. If bilirubin levels rise high enough, it begins to be deposited in other body tissues causing jaundice. Its first appearance is in the eye. At still higher levels, deposition begins in deeper tissues, including the brain, and can result in permanent brain damage.
The most common method for bilirubin analysis is through an in vitro process. In such an in vitro process, a blood sample is invasively drawn from the patient. The formed elements (red blood cells and other cells) are separated by centrifugation and the remaining fluid is reacted chemically and analyzed spectrophotometrically.
Invasive techniques, such as for conventional CBC+Diff tests and bilirubin analysis, pose particular problems for newborns because their circulatory system is not yet fully developed. Blood is typically drawn using a "heel stick" procedure wherein one or more punctures are made in the heel of the newborn, and blood is repeatedly squeezed out into a collecting tube. This procedure is traumatic even for an infant in good health. More importantly, this procedure poses the risk of having to do a blood transfusion because of the low total blood volume of the infant. The total blood volume of the newborn infant is 60-70 cc/kg body weight. Thus, the total blood volume of low birth weight infants (under 2500 grams) cared for in newborn intensive care units ranges from 45-175 cc. Because of their low blood volume and delay in pro
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Groner Warren
Nadeau Richard G.
Cytometrics, Inc.
Winakur Eric F.
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