Pulse or digital communications – Transmitters – Quadrature amplitude modulation
Reexamination Certificate
2000-02-17
2003-12-02
Bayard, Emmanuel (Department: 2631)
Pulse or digital communications
Transmitters
Quadrature amplitude modulation
C375S339000, C375S327000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06658066
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The field of the invention relates to communication systems and more particularly to local oscillators and mixers used for frequency-translating information signals.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Methods of modulating a carrier with an information signal are generally known. Typically the modulation of the carrier with the information signal results in the frequency-shifting (translation) of the information signal between a base band and a spectral location of the carrier frequency. Frequency translation (up or down) may be accomplished by modulating one signal with another within a modulator (mixer).
Methods of modulating the carrier include amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (PM), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). While AM, FM and PAM are well known and reliable, they also transfer data at a low bit rate. Quadrature modulated signals, such as QPSK and QAM, have the capability of encoding each sample with a number of information bits and are, therefore, more efficient. For example, QPSK encode information at a rate of two bits per sample. One particular type of QAM (i.e., 16-QAM) encodes data at a rate of 4 bits per sample (symbol) period.
In order to encode data at a rate of 4 bits per sample, 16-QAM relies on a constellation of 16 symbols. Of the 16 symbols, each symbol differs from the other symbols of its constellation by a predetermined amplitude and phase.
In order to encode QAM signals, a modulator modulates a carrier with a phase and amplitude required by a particular symbol. Typically quadrature components (I and Q) of a local oscillator (LO) are provided as a first input to a modulator. A bit set (4-bits for 16-QAM) is provided as a second input of the modulator for each symbol period. Each bit combination of the bit set corresponds to a particular symbol of the constellation. A controller of the modulator reads each bit set and modulates the quadrature components of the LO to generate the appropriate amplitude and phase required for any particular symbol.
Within a receiver, the process may be reversed. To decode a quadrature signal, quadrature components of a local oscillator may be mixed with a received signal, filtered and detected. An estimator may be used to estimate the received symbol based upon the detected quadrature components.
While encoding an information signal using quadrature amplitude modulation is effective, the advent of newer technologies such as direct conversion, has made the process more difficult. In the case of direct downconversion, a QAM information signal (centered on f
QAM
) may be mixed with a LO signal (having a frequency f
LO
), of substantially the same frequency. While translation of the information signal to baseband may be effective using such a process, the process may also generate interfering signals. For example, mixing the information signal f
QAM
with the LO signal f
LO
causes the LO signal to be reflected back into the antenna. The LO may be reflected back into the antenna because the bandpass filter which isolates the desired information signal f
QAM
also passes the LO signal f
LO
. The reflection and interaction of the LO signal results in the generation of direct current (dc) interfering signals at baseband. The dc interference may result in a dc component within the decoded signal which is larger than the information signal, resulting in a significant decrease in a signal-to-noise S/N ratio. Because of the importance of QAM and direct conversion, a need exists for a direct conversion method which avoids generation of the dc signal components.
SUMMARY
A method and apparatus are provided for generating first and second modulation signals from a local oscillator signal for quadrature subharmonic modulation of a quadrature amplitude modulated information signal. The method includes the steps of delaying the local oscillator signal in a plurality of incremental odd and even delay steps to form respective sets of odd and even modulator signals, said odd set of modulator signals together forming the first modulation signal and said even set forming the second modulation signal for quadrature subharmonic modulation of the quadrature amplitude modulated information signal and controlling a magnitude of the incremental delays based upon a predetermined phase offset between the local oscillator signal and a last delay step of the incremental delay steps.
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Magoon Rahul
Molnar Alyosha
Bayard Emmanuel
Mintz Levin Cohn Ferris Glovsky & Popeo P.C.
Skyworks Solutions Inc.
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