Pulse or digital communications – Synchronizers
Reexamination Certificate
1999-09-14
2004-07-06
Pham, Chi (Department: 2631)
Pulse or digital communications
Synchronizers
C375S219000, C375S225000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06760391
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to digital communications systems and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for controlling the downstream and upstream line rate in such systems.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The availability of Internet access to virtually any household equipped with a computer and a telephone line has brought about an explosion of research and development in the field of digital communications. One of the key problems facing designers today is that of carrying as much data as possible, in an error-free manner, within the relatively narrow confines of copper twisted pairs traditionally used for carrying analog voice signals.
By employing sophisticated modulation techniques and frequency ranges which sometimes exceed 20 MHz, it has been possible to achieve downstream line rates in excess of 1 megabit per second (Mbps) over standard local loops under low noise conditions. Unfortunately, one of the consequences of employing such high data rates is that even brief degradations in the quality of the transmission medium can result in the loss of large amounts data. Temporary degradations of this kind, which range in duration from microseconds to seconds, may result from machinery being turned on at the customer premises or from electric disturbances due to lightning having been coupled into the transmission medium.
Thus, designers of communications systems have been forced to develop mechanisms which allow the line rate to be adjusted according to the quality of the loop (or “line”). Currently, the most common indicator of loop quality is signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), on the basis of which the line rate is upgraded or downgraded. More specifically, an SNR measurement device is used to accumulate line quality measurements over a length of time on the order of several milliseconds. Typically, the SNR measurement device is sampled periodically, and the line rate is downgraded if the sampled value of the SNR indicates poor line quality or is upgraded if the sampled value of the SNR indicates good line quality.
The conventional approach to assessing the quality of the line is to periodically sample the SNR measurement device. However, short-term disturbances on the line may not be caught if the SNR measurement device is sampled in this manner. In other words, by the time the SNR measurement device is sampled, a short-term noise burst (e.g., impulse noise) may be gone and the SNR may have improved. However, the impulse noise may have managed to corrupt several frames of data to such a severe degree that the frames would have to be discarded and re-transmitted. Re-transmitted frames could similarly be affected by subsequent impulsive noise bursts on the line. The net result is that the achievable data throughput is much lower than the line rate, despite the fact that the SNR measurement device, when sampled, reports good SNR on the line.
In another scenario, low data throughput may result from sampling the SNR measurement device during a noise burst which is not sufficiently long to corrupt frames of data to the point beyond which they are unrecoverable. For example, let it be assumed that under initial conditions, an acceptable SNR is measured, allowing the line rate to be increased. Let it then be assumed that a very short noise burst hits the line. If the SNR measurement device is sampled at the end of that burst, then the reported SNR may indicate poor line quality and, using conventional methods, the line rate may be lowered. However, the next time the SNR measurement device is sampled, the line quality might-be found to have improved and the line rate may be increased again.
This causes low data throughput in two ways. Firstly, there is clearly a reduction in the data throughput during the time when the data rate is lower than necessary. Secondly, a delay due to synchronization considerations is induced each time the line rate is changed. Thus, the unnecessary and frequent toggling between higher and lower line.rates, known as “thrashing”, reduces the data throughput during the period of time surrounding each line rate change.
Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the problems associated with both of the above scenarios (failing to detect important noise bursts or reacting to insignificant noise bursts) are exacerbated when the noise bursts in question are recurring in time.
Thus, there is a need in the industry to provide a line rate adjustment mechanism which allows a high data throughput to be maintained and the incidence of thrashing to be reduced.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention can be summarized as a method of monitoring the quality of a communications link used to transmit frames of digital information at a controllable line rate. The method includes the steps of receiving frames of digital information, computing a measure of the number of frames received in error in a sliding time window and generating a command to change the line rate as a function of the measure. The command can then be used to change the line rate locally or it can be sent to a remote communications device, where a line rate adjustment is made. The method of the invention is implementable by a communications device such as a modem. Instructions for executing the method of the invention may be stored on a computer-readable medium which may be readable by the baseband digital interface of the communications device.
Preferably, the sliding time window is subdivided into intervals separated by sampling instants. An error counting element, such as an error count register, is sampled periodically and the number of new.errors between two successive sampling instants is converted into another value using a many-to-one mapping.
Preferably, commands to decrease the line rate trigger the start of a back-off timer. A command to increase the line rate cannot be generated until the back-off timer has expired. Preferably, the expiry time of the back-off timer is increased if the generation of a decrease command closely follows the generation of an increase command and is decreased if the generation of a decrease command occurs a long time after the generation of an increase command. The amount of time that has elapsed since the generation of an increase command can be tracked by a redemption timer.
The use of a sliding time window captures variations in the line quality over an extended period of time. Thus, it is possible to capture significant disturbances which might be missed if conventional SNR-based measurements are relied upon. As a result, the line rate will be downgraded in situations where it should be downgraded but where, conventionally, it may not have been. This leads to higher data throughput as the transmitted data will be less prone to corruption at the lower rate.
Furthermore, the use of the many-to-one mapping eliminates insignificant short-term disturbances, with the result that the line rate will not be downgraded in situations where it should not be downgraded but where, conventionally, it may have been. This leads to a reduced incidence of thrashing, which further results in higher data throughput as less time is lost in preparing for line rate changes.
Moreover, the back-off timer prevents an upgrade in line quality to follow directly on the heels of a downgrade, further decreasing the incidence of thrashing and further improving the data throughput.
In addition, the redemption timer causes the expiry of the back-off timer to be increased if the line rate, once upgraded, does not stay acceptable for more than the duration of the redemption timer. This has the advantage of further reducing the incidence of “thrashing” in cases where the line rate is consistently poor but undergoes occasional improvements, leading to improved data throughput.
REFERENCES:
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patent: 5121388 (1992-06-01), Perdikaris et al.
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patent: 5754586 (1998-05-01), Carsello
patent: 5802105 (1998-09-01), Tiedemann et al.
patent: 5812
Alb Cristian
Matuszewski Jerzy
Slonosky Michael J.
Taylor Thomas P.
Nortel Networks Limited
Pham Chi
Tran Khanh Cong
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