Image analysis – Applications – Biomedical applications
Reexamination Certificate
2000-12-28
2002-06-11
Johns, Andrew W. (Department: 2621)
Image analysis
Applications
Biomedical applications
Reexamination Certificate
active
06404906
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for acquiring and analyzing digital images of an image viewed through a computer-controlled automated microscope and more particularly, to using the latter in a quantitative analysis of plant or biological specimens.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the image analysis and quantification of DNA from tissue sections as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,741,031, and also especially in the immunohistochemistry arrays on the kinds of cell analysis systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,086,476; 5,202,931; and 5,252,487 issued to Bacus, there is a problem of first locating the cancer regions for analysis under low power and then remembering them when performing the analysis under higher power. Specifically, the problem is that once the microscope is set up for quantitation by image analysis under, e.g. 40x, where all of the diaphragms are set and light adjusted, etc., if the operator needs to move to another tissue area, it is first desirable to locate it at e.g. 10x. In fact, often regions can only be located at this power. In order to dc so however, all of the settings (diaphragms, light levels, wavelengths of light, etc.) have to be changed to view the tissue at this magnification. Currently, there is no way to ensure that one could go back to the settings at the previous 40x magnification and continue on with the quantitative image analysis of that same specimen. This necessitates finding those areas under 40x, without changing objectives, which is very slow and time-consuming, and often important cancer areas can be missed.
Also, another problem with tissue analysis, at its current state-of-the-art, is that it is not completely automated, for example, with regard to finding structural regions such as glands, basal layers or other important diagnostic regions. However, as set forth in my co-pending patent application Ser. No. 701,974, filed Aug. 23, 1996, if these regions are located, important very sensitive diagnostic measurements can be performed, which patent application is incorporated by reference as if fully reproduced herein. For example, as disclosed in the aforesaid patent application, assays are made of a variety of tissue types, both human and animal for analysis of neoplasia in tissue, for pre-invasive cancer in tissue, and the effects on the tissue of chemopreventive agents. A quantitative analysis by image processing techniques is performed on tissue types, having various architectural features, such as breast tissue, color tissue, prostate tissue, esophageal tissue, skin tissue, cervis tissue, etc. These tissues have different morphologies, and they undergo different neoplasias usually resulting from a cellular mutation, as may be enhanced by a carcinogen, or resulting from a cellular proliferation rate enhanced by hormones, growth factors, or other inducers of abnormal tissue growth. Often it is desired to quantify small changes in the neoplasia when it is incipient or through a series of analyses performed at close time intervals to measure whether the neoplasia progression is increasing or has been slowed, stopped or regressed.
Usually, the tissue specimens are cut to expose the basal layer for review under the microscope. Typically, the quantitative measurements are performed at 40x to obtain 100 to 400 tissue images. The 40x objective provides a narrow field of view of a very small portion of the entire basal layer. Often, the basal layer is somewhat elongated and generally linear such as a basal layer in a rate esophagus; and the analysis of the basal layer requires examining it along its length. The basal layer in a mouse colon is more in the form of an irregular, circular shape; and the analysis of this basal layer requires traveling about this circular shape. In breast tissue samples, suspected tumor areas may be at widely-spaced points in the stained tissue; and one wants to be able to navigate and travel to these specific suspected areas and to do the 40x analysis at these areas in an efficient manner. There is a need to allow an experienced operator to interact with the analysis to locate and identify such regions in an interactive manner. Especially, an interactive manner that would be familiar and consistent with the use of a microscope manually, with high power magnification and low power magnification simultaneously available, but performed on a computer terminal. Such a level of interaction is different than the interaction with the system disclosed in the above-listed Bacus Patents. There is a need to take the level of interaction to a higher level and let each component, the human and the computer, perform the part that it does best, in the most cost-effective manner.
There are available on the market computer-controlled, automated microscopes such as those sold by Carl Zeiss, Inc., Thornwood, N.J., under the name Axioplan 2 for taking photographic images of a specimen in the microscopic field of view. Those particular microscopes have computer-controlled and automatically adjusted subsystems, such as an illumination subsystem, a focusing subsystem, a diaphragm or optical stops subsystem, an objective lens subsystem, or a filtering subsystem. As an operator selects changes from one objective lens, such as one providing low magnification, e.g., 4x, to a higher magnification, e.g., 40x, the computer-automated system will turn the lens turret to switch in the high magnification automatically and adjusts the lens and also automatically adjusts the illumination to eliminate glare and to provide the proper light illumination including light density. Further, the focus is adjusted, and the proper diaphragm openings are automatically reset. Thus, the computer-controlled, automated subsystems automatically reset to values stored and predetermined for each selected objective lens and the analysis being done.
Those particular microscopes can be used to view various objects or specimens, but are most typically used to view and to take still photographs of biological specimens, such as tissues and cells. Those particular microscopes lack a computer-controlled X and Y stage for translating a specimen-carrying slide with respect to the field of view of the selected objective lens. Currently, pathologists and others who use such microscopes want to view the specimen images in full color or in enhanced colors using fluorescent illumination and/or monochromatic images using the automated filter subsystems on the microscopes. currently trained pathologists or clinicians are accustomed to manually adjust and have a microscope available to them to view larger areas of the specimen at low magnification, and then to momentarily switch in a new higher magnification lens to obtain a more highly magnified image of a portion of the specimen viewed at low magnification. Pathologists and those working in this area have created in themselves a desire to view suspect tissue through a microscope and appear to resist analysis systems that do not provide them this ability.
The microscopic field of view reduces very substantially as the magnification increases. The skill level of the clinician and/or pathologist is important to locate viewing the most suspicious areas or points of interest on the specimen. Sometimes, a technician will do a first assay and analysis. A pathologist will return to the selected points of interest or other points of interest for review and analysis. One concern with respect to a quantitative analysis of breast cancer tissue or prostate biopsy tissue samples to pap smears or other tests for various cancers or the like is that a particularly suspicious point in the tissue may be overlooked and missed during the visual assay or for selection for an automated review analysis. When observing at high magnifications, the field of view is limited to very small area of the specimen. Hence, the observer has difficulty in knowing and remembering the actual, exact location of this small periscopic view within the very large whole specimen.
Often, also the problem is finding or locating the tissu
Bacus James V.
Bacus James W.
Bacus Research Laboratories,Inc.
Fitch Even Tabin & Flannery
Johns Andrew W.
Nakhjavan Shervin
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