Surgery: splint – brace – or bandage – Orthopedic bandage – Splint or brace
Patent
1991-10-03
1994-07-19
Apley, Richard J.
Surgery: splint, brace, or bandage
Orthopedic bandage
Splint or brace
602 26, 482124, 601 33, 601 34, A61F 500
Patent
active
053304179
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Muscle strength is developed in that the muscle in question is subjected to a physical work with different forms of resistance, which may consist only of the gravity of the body part in question or of external resistance, caused e.g. by a dumbbell, barbell, expander, hydraulic or pneumatic apparatuses. As a continued development of the muscular strength is dependent of progressive increase of the work executed by the muscle, the resistance must be increased from time to time.
During the last century the dumbbell and barbell were the predominate adjustable training apparatuses for the development of maximum muscle strength. But during the last 20 years, the barbell and dumbell have been supplemented with muscle training apparatuses which permit safer and specialized muscle training.
The development of maximum muscle strength and muscle volume is achieved with exercises of short duration at high resistance of a few groups of muscles, which are trained individually. The effect of the training will be most pronounced when all relevant muscular cells or motoric units are stimulated, i.e. via training during isolation of the muscle or muscle group in question.
Such training can be executed statically (without motion) or dynamically (with motion) and isometrically (the muscle has the same length during the work) or concentrically/excentrically (the muscle shortens itself or extends itself during the work).
The art of the work results in development of different types of muscular force, whereas the size of the work resistance decides which quality of the force is to be developed: a high load means increased maximum force, a low load means endurance.
The force which can be developed by an arm or leg depends on its position and the angular orientation of the joint. Training of individual muscle groups must take into account the particular biomechanical working conditions thereof. For training the desired muscular force quality in the entire motion range of the muscle, the work resistance must be adapted to its force potential in each position during the motion.
There are but few training apparatuses fullfiling these training pre-conditions. The resistance unit is often a pneumatic or hydraulic device, which can give an iso-kinetic mode of work (similar speed during the motion), which is sometimes desirable. However, the big drawback with pneumatic and hydraulic training apparatuses is however that the pronounced muscle volume stimulating and energy favourable eccentric motion is not used, and that the speed of the motion can not be varied in relation to a given resistance. The speed of the motion is of big importance as to which muscle fibres are activated, as in all skeleton muscles two types of muscle fibres are present: fast-twitch and slow-twitch. The first mentioned muscle fibres are important for the force generation at rapid and heavy works whereas the later are of importance for slow and endurace characterized work.
Contrary to pneumatic or hydraulic training apparatuses the weight-based machines have the advantage of allowing eccentrical training eccentrically as well as training at different speeds with a certain resistance. The development here has resulted in a more adaptable resistance in the entire range of muscle motion, as certain training apparatuses use a so called cam disc (CAM) as a transmission. The resistance at a given weight load then is modified with the transmission thus that it is is more adapted to the muscle force generation, but this transmission is not adjustable.
The drawback of weight-based muscle training machines or at weight training is that the weights have inertia, which results in varying motion speed in different portions of the motion range. In such a case an optimum of speed and resistance is obtained only in a small range of the motion track, particularly at higher speed.
To an increasing extend, weight training today is combined with training apparatuses based on pneumatic or hydraulic devices. Weight training can be applied with free weights (
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Petersen Ken
Pope Malcolm
Renstrom Per
Apley Richard J.
Dvorak Linda C. M.
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