Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or... – Involving viable micro-organism
Patent
1992-03-24
1995-02-14
Wityshyn, Michael G.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Measuring or testing process involving enzymes or...
Involving viable micro-organism
435287, 435291, 436 3, 436 52, 436 55, 436808, 422 56, 422 62, 422 8209, 422 8205, C12Q 102, G01N 3100, G01N 2100
Patent
active
053895240
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
The present invention relates to a novel method for quantitatively monitoring a chemical component dissolved in a liquid medium, such as a liquid medium for a chemical reaction in progress. The method can be used for on-line optimization and control of industrial chemical and/or biological processes, monitoring of in vivo or in vitro biological systems as well as for conventional analytical purposes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In recent years a great deal of money and effort has been expended on developing automation systems for important industrial processes. However, at present a large number of industrial chemical or biological processes cannot be subjected to process control for various reasons. One of the major reasons is the fact that some processes are extremely difficult or even impossible to monitor in such a way that the information gathered can be used for on-line control of the process, since sensing systems for measuring physical process parameters often do not yield results which adequately reflect the actual state of the process. Hitherto known analytical methods for the monitoring of process parameters are thus generally inadequate. If these processes could be adequately monitored, their optimization would be facilitated, which in turn would result in economic and environmental benefits in the form of, for example, higher yields, energy savings, decreased pollution, etc.
Automation systems necessarily include some kind of device and method for monitoring one or more process parameters so as to obtain relevant and adequate information about the actual state of the system. For on-line control purposes it is essential that the device employed give rapid, reliable and reproducible results, and it should preferably be relatively simple to employ, inexpensive, and constructed in a form which is as compact as possible.
A likely candidate for a method for monitoring in this manner is the analytical method of Flow Injection Analysis (FIA). FIA is based on a combination of the following features: injection of a well-defined volume of sample into a non-segmented, continuously flowing carrier stream of reagent, controlled dispersion of the injected sample zone during its transport from the point of injection to the point of detection, and reproducible timing of all events. In recent years, FIA has developed from an approach for merely rapidly conducting serial assays into a novel concept in solution handling in analytical chemistry and a diagnostic tool to be exploited for general analytical studies. These further developments include a number of variations, for example stopped-flow FIA and flow-reversal FIA. In stopped-flow FIA, the flow is stopped at intervals for an appropriate period of time with the dual purpose of increasing the residence time (which increases the yield of the measured component and thus increases the sensitivity of the measurement) and measuring a reaction rate which serves as the basis for the analytical readout. In flow-reversal FIA, discontinuous passage of the sample plug through the detector in an open flow system is carried out by repeated reversals of the flow; in these reversals, the whole plug is not allowed to pass through the detector, but only a preselected zone of the plug is "sampled", so that the inversion of the cycles takes place within one FIA peak.
Today, traditional FIA, as well as methods developed on the basis thereof, are widely used in analytical laboratories for the automation of wet chemical analyses. Usually, these methods are not applied to process use; however, in a few cases FIA has been used for the monitoring of chemical reaction processes.
The use of FIA for process control purposes is more complicated than its use in the automation of routine laboratory analysis. The complications are particularly associated with the attainment of a sample suited to injection in a FIA system. Withdrawal of a sample from a reaction vessel can give rise to considerable problems such as clogging, change in composition as the result of reaction taking place in t
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Larsen Bjorn E. H.
Larsen Lykke B.
Moller Poul
Soeberg Henrik
Sorensen Jesper L.
Kemisk Vaerk Koge A/S
Leary Louise N.
Wityshyn Michael G.
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