Surgery – Truss – Pad
Patent
1995-06-15
1997-11-18
Bahr, Jennifer
Surgery
Truss
Pad
356364, A61B 500
Patent
active
056877218
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Device for noninvasive measurement of polarizing substances in human blood, particularly for the measurement of blood sugar concentration by determination of the optical rotation, consisting of a light source, a periodically rotating polarizer/analyzer in combination with an angle sensor to determine the rotational frequency of the polarizer, a body part as measurement object arranged within the beam of the light emitted, and a photodetector, as well as an electronic assembly to determine the blood sugar concentration from the measured values obtained.
The periodically rotating polarizer converts the angle of rotation of the polarization into a phase angle of the intensity curve of the transmitted light. Through measurement of the phase shift through the object to be measured with respect to the reference phase as well as through a static extinction measurement (tissue and blood) and a dynamic measurement (only the pulsating part of the blood), the blood sugar concentration can be noninvasively determined. The measurement may be a transmission measurement or a diffraction measurement.
This device, with a sensor system, is capable of performing two independent measurements simultaneously (phase modulation and extinction measurement). Maximum suppression of noise and interference affecting the electronic assembly for assessment can be achieved through freely selected modulation frequency.
When too much sugar is in the human blood, insulin is released from the pancreas. This insulin is distributed in the blood and causes the cell membranes of all cells reached to become more conductive for glucose absorption. In this way, the blood sugar content drops, since the cells absorb and utilize the sugar (glycolysis for cell support; glycogen synthesis in the liver). Diabetics have permanently elevated blood sugar values (diabetes mellitus) because of insulin deficiency. This is one of the most common diseases of modern civilization and causes permanent damage to the eyes (for example, blindness), kidneys, vascular system, nervous system, and even loss of extremities. Due to a defective intrinsic regulatory system, the life of the diabetic is shortened, with all of the above consequences. The normal blood sugar value is 0.7 to 1.1 g/L. Depending on nutrition, the diabetic sometimes lies considerably above the normal value, so that frequently, the return to a normal blood sugar value is achieved only through injection of insulin. So that the diabetic is well adjusted, he must regularly check his blood sugar value and, if necessary, inject insulin. A control measurement every 2 min would be the optimum. The usual methods measure in vitro, in that the diabetic must pierce the fingertip with a lancet. The next step is to put a drop of blood on a test strip, where an enzymatic reaction takes place. After approximately 30 sec, the diabetic obtains, through an electronic measuring device, his blood sugar value displayed digitally. The assessment occurs through the conductivity or through photometric measurement. The blood measurement method is a great burden for the diabetic for reasons of hygiene and time. Particularly important for the diabetic is the sugar determination before meals. Based on the blood measurement method, this cannot be done in public (pubs, restaurants, . . . ).
To determine sugar in the urine, a polarimeter (also called saccharimeter.sup.1) is used. Sugar is optically active. When linearly polarized light passes through such substances, the polarization direction rotates around the beam axis. In solutions of optically active substances, the angle of rotation .alpha. is proportional to the concentration, and thus: .alpha.=.alpha..sub.0 *C*d, wherein d is the thickness of the solution layer penetrated and .alpha..sub.0 is a substance constant which is called the specific rotation..sup.2 A polarimeter consists essentially of two polarizers, of which the one facing the detector is called the analyzer. If the transmission directions of polarizer and analyzer are oriented vertically
REFERENCES:
patent: 3877816 (1975-04-01), Weiss
patent: 5009230 (1991-04-01), Hutchinson
patent: 5357960 (1994-10-01), Schmidtke et al.
Bahr Jennifer
Winakur Eric F.
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