Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Plant cell or cell line – per se ; composition thereof;... – Culture – maintenance – or preservation techniques – per se
Patent
1994-08-18
1999-11-16
Lankford, Jr., Leon B.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Plant cell or cell line, per se ; composition thereof;...
Culture, maintenance, or preservation techniques, per se
435410, 435418, 435430, 800200, C12N 500, C12N 502
Patent
active
059856670
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of somatic embryo production, particularly to methods for maturing and desiccating gymnosperm somatic embryos and to the matured desiccated and encapsulated embryos obtained by such methods.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Somatic embryogenesis offers the potential to clonally produce large numbers of low cost plants of many species. Somatic embryos develop without the surrounding nutritive tissues and protective seed coat, so considerable research has been devoted to causing somatic embryos to functionally mimic seeds with regard to efficient storage and handling qualities. The development of techniques for somatic embryogenesis in conifers has greatly improved the ability to culture conifer tissues in vitro and now offers the means to clonally propagate commercially valuable conifers of a number of species. However, all conifer species suffer from poor plantlet vigour.
It has been suggested to use abscisic acid (ABA) or osmoticum for enhancing storage levels in plant cells. For example, it was shown that somatic embryos of Theobroma cacao could be induced to accumulate fatty acids approaching the composition of commercial cocoa butter by increasing the sucrose concentration of the culture medium. Modifying the culture conditions by varying osmotic concentration and/or ABA content similarly improved lipid accumulation in Brassica napus L. somatic and microspore derived embryos as well as somatic embryos of carrot and celery. Also, the level of storage lipids in P. abies somatic embryos was improved by optimizing the ABA level to between 10-20 .mu.m, but the somatic embryos contained about 4% of the lipid level obtained by zygotic embryos.
Also, Japanese laid-open patent publication No. 1-218520 describes a process for producing plant body regenerative tissue. The process includes a step of cultivating a plant body regenerative tissue in a medium containing ABA and having an osmotic pressure of 180 to 2500. In order to control the osmotic pressure within the specific range, a non-toxic substance such as sugar, alcohol, an amino acid or glycol is added.
Water stress plays an important role in maintaining embryos in a maturation state (Kermode 1990, Crit. Res. Plant Sci. 9, 155-194). Low water content rather than ABA prevents precocious germination during later stages of development. This is important because precocious germination of embryos during development in seeds would be lethal during desiccation.
A conventional way to water stress plant cells grown in vitro is to increase the osmotic concentration of the culture medium through the use of plasmolysing osmotica. For example, increased concentrations of plasmolysing osmotica such as sucrose have been used to promote somatic embryo maturation of many plant species. Sucrose at levels up to 6% was found to improve somatic embryo development of some conifers but a smaller increase in sucrose from 1 to 3% was previously considered optimal for the maturation of white and Norway spruce somatic embryos. It seems that a higher concentration generally led to repressed embryo development. 3% sucrose is the concentration most commonly used for conifer somatic embryo maturation. Mannitol had a similar effect on maturation of conifer somatic embryos (Roberts 1991). Low levels of mannitol (2-6%) led to a doubling of the number of mature embryos recovered at the end of the maturation period; however, the treatment could only be applied, as a short pulse (1 week) as prolonged maturation treatment with mannitol became detrimental to further embryo maturation.
Poor response using sucrose and mannitol or other simple sugars and salts may be because such plasmolysing osmotica are absorbed by the symplast of plant cells. Such absorption facilitates adjustment of tissue osmotic potential (osmotic recovery) without lowering the tissue water content. Additionally, direct or indirect metabolic effects on specific plant metabolites can occur, due to utilization of the solute or its toxic effects.
Alternatives to plasmolys
REFERENCES:
patent: 3920436 (1975-11-01), Janssen
patent: 4245432 (1981-01-01), Dannelly
patent: 4249343 (1981-02-01), Danelly
patent: 4251952 (1981-02-01), Porter et al.
patent: 4615141 (1986-10-01), Janick et al.
patent: 4714679 (1987-12-01), Knul
patent: 4777762 (1988-10-01), Redenbaugh et al.
patent: 4957866 (1990-09-01), Gupta et al.
patent: 5034326 (1991-07-01), Pullman et al.
patent: 5036007 (1991-07-01), Gupta et al.
patent: 5041382 (1991-08-01), Gupta et al.
patent: 5284765 (1994-02-01), Bryan et al.
patent: 5288634 (1994-02-01), Harman et al.
Anandarajah, K. and McKersie, B.D., 1990. Enhanced vigor of dry somatic embryos of Medicago sative L. with increased sucrose. Plant Science 71, 261-266.
Anandarajah, K. and McKersie, B.D., 1990. Manipulating the desiccation tolerance and vigor of dry somatic embryos of Medicago sative L. with sucrose, heat shock and abscisic acid. Plant Cell Reports 9, 451-455.
Arnold, R.L.B., Fenner, M., Edwards, P.J. (1991) Changes in germinability, ABA content and ABA embryonic sensitivity in developing seeds of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. inducedby water stress during grain filling. New phytol. 118, 339-347.
Attree, S.M., Dunstan, D.I., and Fowke, L.C., 1989. Initiation of embryogenic callus and suspension cultures, and improved embryo regeneration from protoplasts of white spruce (Picea glauca). Canadian Journal of Botany 67, 1790-1795.
Attree, S.N., Tautorus, T.E., Dunstan, D.I., Fowke, L.C. (1990) Somatic embryo maturation, germination, and soil establishment of plants of black and white spruce (picea mariana and picea glauca). Can J. Bot. 68, 2583-2589.
Attree, S.N., Fowke, L.C. (1991) Micropropagation through somatic embryogenesis in conifers. In, Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. "High-tech and Micropropagation", vol. 17, pp. 53-70, Bajaj Y.P.S. ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Attree, S.M., Dunstan, D.I., Fowke, L.C. (1991 a) White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss]and black spruce [picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.]. In, Trees III. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. vol. 16, pp. 423-445, Bajaj Y.P.S. ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Avjioglu, A., Knox, R.B. (1989) Storage lipid accumulation by zygotic and somatic embryos in culture. Ann. Bot. 63, 409-420.
Barratt, D.H.P., Whitford, P.N., Cook, S.K., Butcher, G. and Wang, T.L., 1989, Analysis of seed developments in Pisum sativum L. VIII. Does abscisic acid prevent precocious germination and control storage protein synthesis? Journal of Experimental Botany 40, 1990-1014.
Becwar, M.R., Noland, T.L., Wyckoff, J.L. (1989) Maturation germination and conversation of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) somatic embryos to plants. In Vitro Cell. Devel. Biol. 25, 575-580.
Becwar, M.R., Nagmani, R., Wann, S.R. (1990) Initiation of embryogenic cultures and somatic embryo development in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Can. J. For. Res. 20, 810-817.
Bewley, J.D., Black, M. (1984) Seeds: Physiology of development and germination. 367 pp. plenum press, New York.
Bodsworth, S. and Bewley J.D., 1981. Osmotic priming of seeds of crop species with polyethylene glycol as a means of enhancing early and synchronous germination at cool temperatures. Can. J. Bot. 59, 672-676.
Brown, C., Brooks, F.J., pearson, D. and Mathias R.J., 1989. Control of embryogenesis and organogenesis in immature wheat embryo callus using increased medium osmolarity and abscisic acid. J. plant. physiol., vol. 133, pp. 727-733.
Boulay, M.P., Gupta, P.K., Krogstrup, P. and Durzan, D.J., 1988. Development of somatic embryos from cell suspension cultures of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.). Plant Cell Reports 7, 134-137.
Carpita, N., Sabularse, D., Montezinos, D. and Delmer, D., 1979. Determination of the pore size of cell walls of living plant cells. Science 205, 1144-1147.
Dunstan, D.I., Bethune, T.D., Abrams, S.R. (1991) Racemic abscisic acid and absicisyl alcohol promote maturation of white spruce (picea glauca) somatic embryos. Plant Science 76, 219-228.
Dunstan, D.I., Bekkaoui, F., Pilon, M., Fowka, L.C. and A
Attree Stephen M.
Fowke Lawrence C.
Lankford , Jr. Leon B.
University of Saskatchewan
LandOfFree
Maturation, desiccation and encapsulation of gymnosperm somatic does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Maturation, desiccation and encapsulation of gymnosperm somatic , we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Maturation, desiccation and encapsulation of gymnosperm somatic will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-1323720