Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; – Peptides of 3 to 100 amino acid residues – 25 or more amino acid residues in defined sequence
Reexamination Certificate
2001-06-18
2002-11-12
Park, Hankyel T. (Department: 1648)
Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins;
Peptides of 3 to 100 amino acid residues
25 or more amino acid residues in defined sequence
C424S094100, C536S023200, C800S279000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06479629
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of the genetic manipulation of plants, particularly the modulation of gene activity in plants and increased disease resistance.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Histones are the protein portion of a protein-DNA complex termed the nucleosome. The acetylation of the &Sgr;-amino group of specific lysines present in the amino termini of histones has been correlated with both increased and decreased gene activity.
Nucleosomes structurally organize chromosomal DNA to form chromatin. The degree of interaction between histones and DNA varies between regions undergoing transcription and regions not being transcribed. The histones in chromatin regions containing active promoters are often post-translationally modified with acetyl groups covalently attached to specific lysine residues.
Hyperacetylated histones are thought to adopt a chromatin structure that allows other proteins to bind promoter DNA and activate transcription. Inactive promoters are associated with hypoacetylated histones, and removal of the acetyl groups from histones in normally active chromatin will repress transcription in that region.
Histone deacetylase (HD), responsible for removing acetyl modifications, may be localized to promoters targeted for repression by other proteins that associate with HD and specifically bind regulatory elements in promoter DNA.
Crop losses from pathogen infections are substantial and consume considerable quantities of productive plant biomass. It is generally believed that plant pathogens must find a way to suppress elicitation, the mechanism by which an elicitor, a pathogen-derived compound, induces disease gene expression upon recognition by the host.
One necrotrophic pathogen, the filamentous fungus
Cochliobolus carbonum
race 1, synthesizes a cyclic tetrapeptide, HC-toxin. HC-toxin is absolutely required for pathogenicity and is a specific inhibitor of HD activity. Resistant maize genotypes produce an HC-toxin reductase encoded by the nuclear Hm locus, which abolishes toxin activity by reducing the ketone group. These plants develop small expanding lesions in response to inoculation with Tox2
+
isolates of
C. carbonum,
similar to the lesions formed by Tox2
−
isolates regardless of the host genotype. HC-toxin acts in a cytostatic manner. It is not toxic to plant cells and does not determine pathogenicity by simply killing host cells prior to colonization.
Acetylation thus plays a key role in gene activation and in some instances invasion by pathogens. Mechanisms are therefore needed to control acetylation that may control gene activity and potentially play a role in disease resistance.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Compositions and methods for modulating gene activity states are provided. The compositions comprise histone deacetylases and nucleotide sequences encoding these enzymes, as well as nucleotide sequences encoding the corresponding antisense sequences to the histone deacetylases. The nucleotide sequences can be used to transform plants and alter the histone acetylation, heterochromatin, chromatin assembly, and gene activity of the transformed plants. In this manner, transformed plants having altered gene activity and enhanced disease resistance can be obtained.
Additionally, compositions of the invention find use in screening for toxins that affect pathogenicity and in determining which disease response promoters are regulated by histone deacetylase.
REFERENCES:
Brosch, et al., “Purification and Characterization of a High Molecular Weight Histone Deacetylase Complex (HD2) of Maize Embryos,”Biochemistry, 1996, pp. 15907-15914, vol. 35, American Chemical Society.
De Rubertis, et al., “The Histone Deacetylase RPD3 Counteracts Genomic Silencing in Drosophila and Yeast,”Nature, 1996, pp. 589-591, vol. 384.
Lusser, et al., “Identification of Maize Histone Deacetylase HD2 as an Acidic Nuclear Phosphoprotein,”Science, Jul. 1997, pp. 88-91, vol. 277.
Ransom, R., and Walton, J., “Histone Hyperacetylation in Maize in Response to Treatment with HC-Toxin or Infection by the Filamentous Fungus Cochliobolus Carbonum,”Plant Pysiol., 1997, pp. 1021-1027, vol. 115.
Rossi, et al., “Identification and Characterization of an RPD3 homologue from Maize (Zea mays L.) that is able to Complement an rpd3 Null Mutant of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae”,Mol. Gen. Genet, 1998, pp. 288-296, vol. 258.
Rundlett, et al., “HDA1 and RPD3 are Members of Distinct Yeast Histone Deacetylase Complexes that Regulate Silencing and Transcription,”Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA, Dec. 1996, pp. 14503-14508, vol. 93.
Taunton, et al., “A Mammalian Histone Deacetylase Related to the Yeast Transcriptional Regulator Rpd3p,”Science, Apr. 19, 1996, pp. 408-411, vol. 272.
EMBL Database for Accession No. AFO35815, Dec. 9, 1997 (XP002120446).
EMBL Database for Accession No. AFO14824 (XP002120447).
EMBL Database for Accession No. AFO45473 (XP002120448).
Baldwin Donald Adelphi
Briggs Steven P.
Crane Virginia C.
Park Hankyel T.
Pioneer Hi-Bred International , Inc.
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