Solid anti-friction devices – materials therefor – lubricant or se – Lubricants or separants for moving solid surfaces and... – Heterocyclic ring compound; a heterocyclic ring is one...
Reexamination Certificate
2002-05-23
2004-04-27
McAvoy, Ellen M. (Department: 1764)
Solid anti-friction devices, materials therefor, lubricant or se
Lubricants or separants for moving solid surfaces and...
Heterocyclic ring compound; a heterocyclic ring is one...
C508S293000, C508S294000, C508S372000, C508S373000, C508S379000, C508S391000, C508S399000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06727208
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to lubricating oil compositions and methods of reducing exhaust emissions, reducing fuel consumption and cleaning combustion chambers of internal combustion engines.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) GF-2 specification requires passenger car motor oils to provide enhanced fuel economy in a modern low friction engine (ASTM Sequence VI-A). Previous investigations have indicated that the choice of detergent system and friction modifier used in a motor oil has a large impact on the fuel economy of the lubricant. Further studies indicate that detergent systems can affect tailpipe emissions.
Emissions from internal combustion engines are the primary cause of air pollution in many cities and metropolitan areas. Such emissions include uncombusted hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons formed in the combustion process, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. To attempt to reduce the quantities of these emissions, the federal and state governments have imposed emission standards. These standards typically apply to new engines but have also been applied on a fleet-average basis to include previously manufactured engines in the emission reduction strategy. Over time, the standards have required lower and lower levels of emissions. New standards have been proposed that will further significantly reduce the level of emissions that will be permitted. There have, accordingly, been many and diverse attempts to reduce the levels of emissions, both of newly manufactured engines and of previously manufactured engines, through modification and add-on equipment programs.
A fundamentally sound way to reduce the level of vehicle emissions is by reducing the amount of fuel consumed during operation.
Hydrocarbon emissions are undesirable because of the role they play in air pollution and also because they represent an energy loss from that available in the hydrocarbon fuel. Sulfur oxides not only contribute to local air pollution, but also are the principal cause of acid rain. Urban smog is caused primarily by nitrogen oxides (NO
x
). The black smoke of engine exhaust is typically caused by particulate emissions which add to the local air pollution and may cause health problems, including cancer, known to be caused by the polycyclic aromatic compounds in the solvent organic fraction of the particulates.
The levels of emissions of an engine are interrelated by complex and poorly understood mechanisms. It is known, for example, that adding anhydrous alcohol to gasoline reduces the hydrocarbon content of the fuel, and also tends to reduce the levels of emitted particulates and carbon monoxide. Increasing the temperature of the in-cylinder combustion usually results in more complete combustion of the fuel, reducing hydrocarbon emissions, but also results in increased nitrogen oxides and affects the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon constituents of the particulates. Sulfur oxide emissions can be reduced by using low sulfur fuels, but it is known that reducing sulfur in the fuel normally changes the aromatics and boiling range of the fuel, both of which affect the amount of particulates emitted.
As noted above, at the same time, improved fuel economy is required.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,972 (Chamberlin, Ill, Apr. 27, 1982) relates to fuel economy of internal combustion engines, especially gasoline engines, which is improved by lubricating such engines with specific lubricant compositions in which the essential ingredients are a specific sulfurized composition and a basic alkali metal sulfonate. Additional ingredients may include at least one oil-dispersible detergent or dispersant, a viscosity improving agent, and a specific salt of a phosphorus acid.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,328 (Davis et al., Aug. 28, 1990) describes a lubricating oil formulation which is useful in internal combustion engines. More particularly, lubricating oil compositions for internal combustion engines are described which comprise (A) at least about 60% by weight of oil of lubricating viscosity, (B) at least about 2.0% by weight of at least one carboxylic derivative composition produced by reacting (B-1) at least one substituted succinic acylating agent with (B-2) from about 0.70 equivalent up to less than one equivalent, per equivalent of acylating agent, of at least one amine compound characterized by the presence within its structure of at lest one HN<group, and wherein said substituted succinic acylating agent consists of substituent groups and succinic groups wherein the substituent groups are derived from a polyalkene, said polyalkene being characterized by an {overscore (M)}n value of about 1300 to about 5000 and an {overscore (M)}w/{overscore (M)}n value of about 1.5 to about 4.5, said acylating agents being characterized by the presence within their structure of an average of at least 1.3 succinic groups for each equivalent weight of substituent groups, and (C) from about 0.01 to about 2% by weight of at least one basic alkali metal salt of sulfonic or carboxylic acid. The oil compositions of the invention also may contain (D) at least one metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate and/or (E) at least one carboxylic ester derivative composition, and/or (F) at least one partial fatty acid ester of a polyhydric alcohol, and/or (G) at least one neutral or basic alkaline earth metal salt of at least one acidic organic compound. In one embodiment, the oil compositions of the present invention contain the above additives and other additives described in this specification in amounts sufficient to enable the oil to meet all the performance requirements of API Service Classification SG.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,322 (Cohu, Oct. 26, 1993) relates to a lubricating oil for use in methanol fueled internal combustion engines, the lubricating oil having a total base number from 9.0 to about 14.0 and comprising:
a) a suitable base oil;
b) overbased sodium-sulfonate in an amount sufficient to provide a base number from about 1.0 to about 2.0 in said lubricating oil; and
c) at least one metal sulfonate selected from the group consisting of overbased calcium sulfonate, overbased magnesium sulfonate and mixtures thereof in an amount sufficient to provide a base number from about 8.0 to about 12.0 in said lubricating oil.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,864 (Salomon et al., Oct. 8, 1996) describes a lubricating oil composition which comprises a major amount of an oil of lubricating viscosity and
(A) at least about 1% by weight of at least one carboxylic derivative composition produced by reacting
(A-1) at least one substituted succinic acylating agent containing at least about 50 carbon atoms in the substituent with
(A-2) from about 0.5 equivalent up to about 2 moles, per equivalent of acylating agent (A-1), of at least one amine compound characterized by the presence within its structure of at least one HN<group; and
(B) an amount of at least one alkali metal overbased salt of a carboxylic acid or a mixture of a carboxylic acid and an organic sulfonic acid sufficient to provide at least about 0.002 equivalent of alkali metal per 100 grams of the lubricating oil composition provided that when the alkali metal salt comprises a mixture of overbased alkali metal salts of a hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid and a hydrocarbyl-substituted sulfonic acid, then the carboxylic acid comprises more than 50% of the acid equivalents of the mixture; and either
(C-1) at least one magnesium overbased salt of an acidic organic compound provided that the lubricating composition is free of calcium overbased salts of acidic organic compounds; or
(C-2) at least one calcium overbased salt of an acidic organic compound provided that the lubricating composition is free of magnesium overbased salts of acidic organic compounds.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,133 (Blahey et al., Mar. 10, 1998) is directed to a low ash natural gas engine oil which contains an additive package including a particular combination of detergents and also containing other standard additives such as disper
Esposito Michael F.
McAvoy Ellen M.
Shold David M.
The Lubrizol Corporation
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