Low temperature formation of electrode having electrically condu

Coating processes – Direct application of electrical – magnetic – wave – or... – Electrical discharge

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4271263, 4272553, H01T 1400

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058275800

ABSTRACT:
A low temperature process is disclosed for forming metal suboxides on substrates by cathodic arc deposition by either controlling the pressure of the oxygen present in the deposition chamber, or by controlling the density of the metal flux, or by a combination of such adjustments, to thereby control the ratio of oxide to metal in the deposited metal suboxide coating. The density of the metal flux may, in turn, be adjusted by controlling the discharge current of the arc, by adjusting the pulse length (duration of on cycle) of the arc, and by adjusting the frequency of the arc, or any combination of these parameters. In a preferred embodiment, a low temperature process is disclosed for forming an electrically conductive metal suboxide, such as, for example, an electrically conductive suboxide of titanium, on an electrode surface, such as the surface of a nickel oxide electrode, by such cathodic arc deposition and control of the deposition parameters. In the preferred embodiment, the process results in a titanium suboxide-coated nickel oxide electrode exhibiting reduced parasitic evolution of oxygen during charging of a cell made using such an electrode as the positive electrode, as well as exhibiting high oxygen overpotential, resulting in suppression of oxygen evolution at the electrode at full charge of the cell.

REFERENCES:
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Anders, S., et al., "Formation of Metal Oxides by Cathodic Arc Deposition", International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films: Program and Abstracts, Apr. 24-28, 1995, p. 103.
Anders, S., et al., "Formation of Metal Oxides by Cathodic Arc Deposition", Surface & Coatings Technology, vol. 76-77, (Nov.) 1995, pp. 167-173.
Anders, S., et al., "Copper Oxide Films Formed by Reactive Cathodic Arc Deposition", 21st IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, Jun. 6-8, 1994, One page--Abstract.
"Atraverda", Atraverda Limited, Sheffield, England, Apr. 1, 1994, pp. 1-4.
Atraverda Limited, "Applications of Ebonex.TM. Electrode Materials in Environmental Processes", Electrochemical Processing--Innovation and Progress, Glasgow, Apr. 21-23, 1993, pp. 1-18.
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