Loss and noise reduction in power converters

Details Loss and noise reduction in power converters Loss and noise reduction in power converters

2001-04-13

2003-02-18

Berhane, Adolf Deneke (Department: 2838)

Electricity: power supply or regulation systems

In shunt with source or load

Using choke and switch across source

Reexamination Certificate

active

06522108

ABSTRACT:

BACKGROUND
This invention relates to reducing energy loss and noise in power converters.
As shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2
, in a typical PWM non-isolated DC-to-DC shunt boost converter
20
operated in a discontinuous mode, for example, power is processed in each of a succession of power conversion cycles
10
. During a power delivery period
12
of each power conversion cycle
10
, while a switch
22
is open, power received at an input voltage Vin from a unipolar input voltage source
26
is passed forward as a current that flows from an input inductor
21
through a diode
24
to a unipolar load (not shown) at a voltage Vout. Vout is higher than the input voltage, Vin.
FIGS. 2A and 2B
show waveforms for an ideal converter in which there are no parasitic capacitances or inductances and in which the diode
24
has zero reverse recovery time. During the power delivery period
12
, the current in the inductor falls linearly and reaches a value of zero at time tcross. At tcross, the ideal diode immediately switches off, preventing current from flowing back from the load towards the input source, and the current in the inductor remains at zero until the switch
22
is closed again at the next time ts
1
off. Thus, no energy is stored in the inductor
21
between times tcross and ts
1
on.
During another, shunt period
14
of each cycle, while switch
22
is closed, the voltage at the left side of the diode (node
23
) is grounded, and no current flows in the diode. Instead, a shunt current (Is) is conducted from the source
26
into the inductor
21
via the closed switch
22
. In a circuit with ideal components, the current in the inductor would begin at zero and rise linearly to time ts
1
off, when switch
22
is turned off to start another power delivery period
12
.
In a non-ideal converter, in which there are parasitic circuit capacitances and the diode is non-ideal (e.g., for a bipolar diode there will be a reverse recovery period and for a Schottky diode there will be diode capacitance), an oscillatory ringing will occur after tcross.
In one example, waveforms for a non-ideal converter of the kind shown in
FIG. 1
are shown in
FIGS. 2C and 2D
. Because of the reverse recovery characteristic of the diode, the diode does not block reverse current flow at time tcross. Instead, current flows in the reverse direction through the diode
24
and back into the inductor
21
during a period
18
. At time tdoff, the diode snaps fully off and the flow of reverse current in the diode goes to zero.
Because of the reverse flow of current in the diode during the diode recovery period, energy has been stored in the inductor as of the off time tdoff (the “recovery energy”). In addition, parasitic circuit capacitances (e.g., the parasitic capacitances of the switch
22
, the diode
24
, and the inductor
24
, not shown) also store energy as of time tdoff (e.g., the parasitic capacitance of switch
22
will be charged to a voltage approximately equal to Vout).
After time tdoff, energy is exchanged between the inductor and parasitic capacitances in the circuit. As shown in
FIGS. 2C and 2D
, the energy exchange causes oscillatory ringing noise in the circuit. Furthermore, the presence of oscillatory current will generally result in energy being dissipated wastefully in the circuit at the start of the next shunt period when the switch is closed at time ts
1
on. The energy loss can amount to several percent of the total energy processed during a cycle.
SUMMARY
In general, in one aspect, the invention features apparatus that includes (a) switching power conversion circuitry including an inductive element connected to deliver energy via a unidirectional conducting device from an input source to a load during a succession of power conversion cycles, and circuit capacitance that can resonate with the inductive element during a portion of the power conversion cycles to cause a parasitic oscillation, and (b) clamp circuitry connected to trap energy in the inductive element and reduce the parasitic oscillation.
Implementations of the invention may include one or more of the following. The power conversion circuitry comprises a unipolar, non-isolated boost converter comprising a shunt switch. The power conversion circuitry is operated in a discontinuous mode. The clamp circuitry is configured to trap the energy in the inductor in a manner that is essentially non-dissipative. The clamp circuitry comprises elements configured to trap the energy by short-circuiting the inductor during a controlled time period. The inductive element comprises a choke or a transformer. The elements comprise a second switch connected effectively in parallel with the inductor. The second switch is connected directly in parallel with the inductor or is inductively coupled in parallel with the inductor. The second switch comprises a field effect transistor in series with a diode.
The power conversion circuitry comprises a unipolar, non-isolated boost converter comprising a shunt switch and a switch controller, the switch controller being configured to control the timing of a power delivery period during which the shunt switch is open and a shunt period during which the shunt switch is closed.
The shunt switch is controlled to cause the power conversion to occur in a discontinuous mode. The second switch is opened for a period before the shunt switch is closed in order to discharge parasitic capacitances in the apparatus. The power conversion circuitry comprises at least one of a unipolar, isolated, single-ended forward converter, a buck converter, a flyback converter, a zero-current switching converter, a PWM converter, a bipolar, non-isolated, boost converter, a bipolar, non-isolated boost converter, a bipolar, non-isolated buck converter, a bipolar, isolated boost converter, or a bipolar, isolated buck converter.
In general, in another aspect, the invention features, a method that reduces parasitic oscillations by trapping energy in the inductive element during a portion of the power conversion cycles.
Implementations of the invention include releasing the energy from the inductor essentially non-dissipatively. The energy is trapped by short-circuiting the inductive element during a controlled time period. The short-circuiting is done by a second switch connected effectively in parallel with the inductive element. The second switch is opened for a portion of the power conversion cycle in order to discharge parasitic capacitances. The invention reduces undesirable ringing noise generated in a power converter by oscillatory transfer of energy between inductive and capacitive elements in the converter and recycles this energy to reduce or eliminate the dissipative loss of energy associated with turn-on of a switching element in the converter.
Other advantages and features will become apparent from the following description and from the claims.


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Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, No. 22, pp. 99-111, Mar. 1976.

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