Layer manufacturing of a multi-material or multi-color 3-D...

Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes – Stereolithographic shaping from liquid precursor

Reexamination Certificate

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C264S405000, C264S497000, C264S482000, C264S483000, C264S485000, C264S488000, C264S489000, C264S494000, C264S112000, C264S308000

Reexamination Certificate

active

06780368

ABSTRACT:

FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to a computer-controlled method and apparatus for fabricating a three-dimensional (3-D) object and, in particular, to an improved method and apparatus for building a multi-material or multi-color 3-D object directly from a computer-aided design of the object in a layer-by-layer, but not point-by-point fashion. The presently invented method is referred to as a Full-Area Sintering Technique (FAST).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Layer manufacturing (LM) or solid freeform fabrication (SFF) or is a new fabrication technology that builds an object of any complex shape layer by layer or point by point without using a pre-shaped tool such as a die or mold. This process begins with creating a Computer Aided Design (CAD) file to represent the geometry or drawing of a desired object. This CAD file is converted to a proper solid interface format such as the stereo lithography (.STL) format. The geometry file is further sliced into a large number of thin cross-sectional layers with each layer being comprised of coordinate point data. In a commonly used layer-wise data format called Common Layer Interface (CLI), the contours (shape and dimensions) of each layer are defined by a plurality of line segments connected to form polylines on an X-Y plane of a X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinate system. The layer data are converted to tool path data normally in terms of computer numerical control (CNC) codes such as G-codes and M-codes. These codes are then utilized to drive a fabrication tool for defining the desired areas of individual layers and stacking up the object layer by layer along the Z-direction.
The SFF technology makes it possible to convert a CAD image data directly into a three-dimensional (3-D) physical object. The technology has been widely used in applications such as verifying CAD database, evaluating engineering design feasibility, testing part functionality, assessing aesthetics, checking ergonomics of design, aiding in tool and fixture design, creating conceptual models and marketing tools, producing medical or dental models, generating patterns for investment casting, reducing or eliminating engineering changes in production, and providing small production runs.
The SFF techniques may be divided into three categories: layer-additive, layer-subtractive, and hybrid (combined layer-additive and subtractive). A layer additive process involves adding or depositing a material to form predetermined areas of a layer essentially point by point; but a multiplicity of points may be deposited at the same time in some techniques, such as of the multiple-nozzle inkjet-printing type. These predetermined areas together constitute a thin cross-section of a 3-D object as defined by a CAD geometry. Successive layers are then deposited in a predetermined sequence with a layer being affixed to its adjacent layers for forming an integral multi-layer object. A 3-D object, when sliced into a plurality of constituent layers or thin sections, may contain features that are not self-supporting and in need of a support structure during the object-building procedure. These features include isolated islands in a layer and overhangs. In these situations, additional steps of building the support structure, also on a layer-by-layer basis, will be required of a layer-additive technique. An example of a layer-additive technique that normally requires building a support structure is the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process as specified in U.S. Pat. No. 5,121,329; issued on Jun. 9, 1992 to S. S. Crump.
A layer-subtractive process involves feeding a complete solid layer of a material to the surface of a support platform and using a cutting tool (normally a laser) to cut off or somehow degrade the integrity of the un-wanted areas of this solid layer. The solid material in these un-wanted areas of a layer becomes a part of the support structure for subsequent layers. These un-wanted areas are hereinafter referred to as the “negative region” while the remaining areas that constitute a cross-section of a 3-D object are referred to as the “positive region”. A second solid layer of material is then fed onto the first layer and bonded thereto. The same cutting tool is then used to cut off or degrade the material in the negative region of this second layer. These procedures are repeated successively until multiple layers are laminated to form a unitary object. After all layers have been completed, the unitary body (or part block) is removed from the platform, and the excess material (in the negative region) is removed to reveal the 3-D object. This “decubing” procedure is known to be tedious and difficult to accomplish without damaging the object. An example of a layer-subtractive technique is the well-known laminated object manufacturing (LOM), disclosed in, for instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,752,352 (Jun. 21, 1988 to M. Feygin).
A hybrid process involves both layer-additive and subtractive procedures. An example can be found with the Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM) process disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,301,863 issued on Apr. 12, 1994 to Prinz and Weiss. Such a process is complicated and difficult to operate. It also requires the operation of heavy and expensive equipment.
Another good example of the layer-additive technique is the 3-D powder printing technique (3D-P) developed at MIT; e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,055 (April 1993 to Sachs, et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,318 (Dec. 28, 1999 to Russell, et al.). This 3-D powder printing technique involves dispensing a layer of loose powders onto a support platform and using an ink jet to spray a computer-defined pattern of liquid binder onto a layer of uniform-composition powder in a point-by-point fashion. The binder serves to bond together the powder particles on those areas (positive region) defined by this pattern. Those powder particles in the un-wanted areas (negative region) remain loose or separated from one another and are removed at the end of the build process. Another layer of powder is spread over the preceding one, and the process is repeated. The “green” part made up of those bonded powder particles is separated from the loose powders when the process is completed. This procedure is followed by binder removal and impregnation of the green part with a liquid material such as epoxy resin and metal melt. Although several nozzle orifices may be employed to dispense several droplet streams at the same time, this 3D-P process remains to be essentially a point-by-point process, being characterized by a slow build speed.
This same drawback is true of the selected laser sintering (SLS) technique (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,538, Sep. 5, 1989 to C. Deckard, U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,816, Jul. 3, 1990 to J. Beaman, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,580, May 31, 1994 to Deckard). The SLS technique involves spreading a full-layer of loose powder particles and uses a computer-controlled, high-power laser to partially melt these particles within predetermined areas (positive region) in a point-by-point fashion. Commonly used powders include thermoplastic particles, thermoplastic-coated metal particles, metal-coated ceramic particles, and mixtures of high-melting and low-melting powder materials. These point-wise procedures are repeated for subsequent layers, one layer at a time, according to the CAD data of the sliced-part geometry. The loose powder particles in the negative region of each layer are allowed to stay as part of a support structure. The sintering process does not always fully melt the powder, but allows molten material to bridge between particles. Commercially available systems based on SLS are known to have several drawbacks. One problem is that the need to use a high power laser makes the SLS an expensive technique and un-suitable for use in an office environment. Again, the spot-by-spot or point-by-point laser scanning is a very slow procedure, resulting in a low object-building speed.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,232, issued May 7, 1996, Burns discloses a method and apparatus for automatic fabrication of a 3-D object from in

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