Printing – Planographic – Lithographic printing plates
Reexamination Certificate
1999-01-22
2001-02-06
Funk, Stephen R. (Department: 2854)
Printing
Planographic
Lithographic printing plates
C101S467000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06182569
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates in general to lithography and more particularly to systems for imaging lithographic printing plates using digitally controlled laser output. More specifically, this invention relates to a novel lithographic printing plate especially suitable for directly imaging and utilizing with a wet lithographic printing press.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Traditional techniques for introducing a printed image onto a recording material include letterpress printing, gravure printing, and offset lithography. All of these printing methods require a plate. To transfer ink in the pattern of the image, the plate is usually loaded onto a plate cylinder of a rotary press for efficiency. In letterpress printing, the image pattern is represented on the plate in the form of raised areas that accept ink and transfer it onto the recording medium by impression. Gravure printing cylinders, in contrast, contain a series of wells or indentations that accept ink for deposit onto the recording medium. Excess ink must be removed from the cylinder by a doctor blade or similar device prior to contact between the cylinder and the recording medium.
The term “lithographic,” as used herein, is meant to include various terms used synonymously, such as offset, offset lithographic, planographic, and others. By the term “wet lithographic,” as used herein, is meant the type of lithographic printing plate where the printing is based upon the immiscibility of oil and water, wherein the oily material or ink is preferentially retained by the image area and the water or fountain solution is preferentially retained by the non-image area. When a suitably prepared surface is moistened with water and an ink is then applied, the background or non-image area retains the water and repels the ink while the image area accepts the ink and repels the water. The ink on the image area is then transferred to the surface of a material upon which the image is to be reproduced, such as paper, cloth, and the like. Commonly the ink is transferred to an intermediate material called the blanket, which in turn transfers the ink to the surface of the material upon which the image is to be reproduced. In a dry lithographic printing system that does not utilize water, the plate is simply inked and the image transferred directly onto a recording material or transferred onto a blanket and then to the recording material.
Aluminum has been used for many years as a support for lithographic printing plates. In order to prepare the aluminum for such use, it is typically subject to both a graining process and a subsequent anodizing process. The graining process serves to improve the adhesion of the image to the plate and to enhance the water-receptive characteristics of the background areas of the printing plate. The graining and anodizing affect both the performance and the durability of the printing plate. Both mechanical and electrolytic graining processes are well known and widely used in the manufacture of lithographic printing plates. Processes for anodizing aluminum to form an anodic oxide coating and then hydrophilizing the anodized surface by techniques such as silication are also well known in the art, and need not be further described herein. The aluminum support is thus characterized by having a porous, wear-resistant hydrophilic surface which specifically adapts it for use in lithographic printing, particularly where long press runs are required.
The plates for an offset press are usually produced photographically. The aluminum substrate described above is typically coated with a wide variety of radiation-sensitive materials suitable for forming images for use in the lithographic printing process. Any radiation-sensitive layer is suitable which, after exposure and any necessary developing and/or fixing, provides an image which can be used for printing. Lithographic printing plates of this type are usually developed with an aqueous alkaline developing solution which often additionally comprises a substantial quantity of an organic solvent.
To prepare a wet plate using a typical negative-working substractive process, the original document is photographed to produce a photographic negative. This negative is placed on an aluminum plate having a water-receptive oxide surface coated with a photopolymer. Upon exposure to light or other radiation through the negative, the areas of the coating that received radiation (corresponding to the dark or printed areas of the original) cure to a durable oleophilic state. The plate is then subjected to a developing process that removes the uncured areas of the coating (i.e., those which did not receive radiation, corresponding to the non-image or background areas of the original), thereby exposing the hydrophilic surface of the aluminum plate.
Throughout this application, various publications, patents, and published patent applications are referred to by an identifying citation. The disclosures of the publications, patents, and published patent applications referenced in this application are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.
As is evident from the above description, photographic platemaking processes tend to be time consuming and require facilities and equipment adequate to support the necessary chemistry. Efforts have been made for many years to manufacture a printing plate which does not require development or which only uses water for development. In addition, practitioners have developed a number of electronic alternatives to plate imaging, some of which can be utilized on-press. With these systems, digitally controlled devices alter the ink-receptivity of blank plates in a pattern representative of the image to be printed. Such imaging devices include sources of electromagnetic radiation, produced by one or more laser or non-laser sources, that create chemical changes on plate blanks (thereby eliminating the need for a photographic negative); ink jet equipment that directly deposits ink-repellent or ink-accepting spots on plate blanks; and spark-discharge equipment, in which an electrode in contact with or spaced closely to a plate blank produces electrical sparks to physically alter the topology of the plate blank, thereby producing “dots” which collectively form a desired image (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,075). Because of the ready availability of laser equipment and its amenability to digital control, significant effort has been devoted to the development of laser-based imaging systems. These systems include:
1) Argon-ion, frequency-doubled Nd-YAG and infrared lasers used to expose photosensitive blanks for traditional chemical processing, as for example described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,506,779; 4,020,762; 4,868,092; 5,153,236; 5,372,915; and 5,629,354. In an alternative to this approach, a laser has been employed to selectively remove, in an imagewise pattern, an opaque coating that overlies a photosensitive plate blank. The plate is then exposed to a source of radiation, with the unremoved material acting as a mask that prevents radiation from reaching underlying portions of the plate, as for example described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,132,168.
However, the need for high writing speeds, coupled with the constraint of the low-powered lasers favored by industry, has resulted in a requirement for printing plates that have a very high photosensitivity. Unfortunately, high photosensitivity almost always reduces the shelf life of these plates.
2) Another approach to laser imaging uses thermal-transfer materials, as for example described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,945,318; 3,962,513; 3,964,389; 4,395,946; and 5,395,729. With these systems, a polymer sheet transparent to the radiation emitted by the laser is coated with a transferable material. The transfer side of this construction is brought into contact with an acceptor sheet, and the transfer material is selectively irradiated through the transparent layer. Irradiation causes the transfer material to adhere prefere
Dunley Timothy J.
Hodgins George R.
Rorke Thomas P.
Funk Stephen R.
Presstek Inc.
Testa Hurwitz & Thibeault LLP
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