Stock material or miscellaneous articles – Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or... – Composite having voids in a component
Patent
1998-01-28
2000-02-01
McAvoy, Ellen M.
Stock material or miscellaneous articles
Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or...
Composite having voids in a component
4283184, 204403, 204415, 435 4, 435817, B32B 326, G01N 2726
Patent
active
060200529
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention pertains to an improved laminated membrane structure adapted for use in conjunction with an enzyme electrode and to methods for making this laminated structure.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Polarographic cell systems have met with wide acclaim particularly in the medical field, providing for detection and concentration measurement of many desired analytes. Enzymes are commonly used in such systems, especially in those situations wherein the analyte itself is not polarographically active but where a reaction product formed or reactant consumed by an enzymatic reaction with the analyte is polarographically active.
For example, in medical applications, one common procedure is to measure glucose in the blood of a patient. Typically, blood samples are withdrawn from the patient for an analysis for glucose concentration using a glucose oxidase electrode with a polarographic detector for detecting H.sub.2 O.sub.2 generated in accordance with the reaction: ##STR1##
The hydrogen peroxide generated by the reaction is measurable by a polarographic detector and, by appropriate calibration and calculation, glucose content in the sample can be accurately determined by the H.sub.2 O.sub.2 formed in the reaction.
The polarographic cell systems commonly used for these measurements include an enzyme containing laminated membrane that separates the analyte sample from the working electrode of the cell. These types of membranes are disclosed in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,979,274 and 4,073,713 (Newman), both patents being hereby incorporated by reference herein. In such membranes, a thin innermost membrane referred to as a barrier layer composed of cellulose acetate, silicone rubber, or methyl methacrylate is located adjacent the working electrode of the polarographic cell. Glucose oxidase enzyme is interposed between this barrier layer and an outer polycarbonate support layer. The outer support layer is typically about 5 um in thickness and is in contact with the analyte containing sample.
In a glucose analytical determination, glucose and oxygen permeate through the outer support layer and react in the presence of the enzyme. Hydrogen peroxide produced permeates through the inner barrier layer where it is polarographically detected. The support layer permits passage of glucose, oxygen and other molecules therethrough while not permitting passage of high molecular weight substances such as proteins, red blood cells and other macromolecules.
The barrier layer permits access of hydrogen peroxide to the working electrode while blocking passage of substances having molecular weights on the order of about 150 and greater such as ascorbic acid and uric acid.
It has been ascertained that in order to provide accurate linear measurement in solutions containing high glucose concentrations, such as in whole blood, plasma or serum, it is desirable to inhibit diffusion of the glucose to the enzyme layer relative to oxygen migration thereto. Otherwise, the ratio of glucose to oxygen contacting the enzyme is unfavorable and makes the oxygen content, rather than the glucose concentration of the sample, the rate limiting component of the reaction. In turn, this leads to inaccurate glucose concentration measurements by the instrument. Linearity, in such situations, occurs only over a range of low glucose concentration. This problem is not only limited to glucose determination but is also experienced in the measurement of other analytes, such as lactate.
In order to overcome this problem, it has been common practice to dilute the glucose and lactate concentrations of the sample so that the as measured analyte concentration level is within the range of concentration exhibiting linearity. However, it is often time consuming and impractical to dilute the analyte containing sample. Additionally, it is becoming commonplace to measure for analytes such as glucose or lactate on a single analytical testing device which incorporates other measurement channels as well. These other channels require undiluted whole
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McAvoy Ellen M.
YSI Incorporated
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