Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology – Micro-organism – tissue cell culture or enzyme using process... – Preparing compound containing saccharide radical
Patent
1996-06-24
1998-06-23
Wax, Robert A.
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
Micro-organism, tissue cell culture or enzyme using process...
Preparing compound containing saccharide radical
435200, 435208, 435910, 536 232, C12P 1944, C12N 924, C12N 940, C12N 100
Patent
active
057704058
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to novel glycosidases and their uses.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The recognition that carbohydrates play a key role in biological processes of living organisms has made their study of great importance for medicine and basic science. The understanding of carbohydrates has lagged behind that of other types of biological molecules because of the immense complexity and variety of these molecules and the lack of availability of analytic and synthetic tools that enable scientists to differentiate one form from another.
In nature, carbohydrates exist as polymers known as polysaccharides, that consist of a series of monosaccharides that are covalently attached by glycosidic bonds to form both branched and linear macromolecules. In addition, polysaccharides or, more commonly, oligosaccharides may be coupled to macromolecules such as proteins or lipids to form glycoproteins or glycolipids. Unlike naturally occurring polysaccharides, the oligosaccharides associated with protein or lipid consist of a relatively small subset of monosaccharide types.
Oligosaccharides associated with glycoproteins have been the focus of much of the carbohydrate research to date largely because the biological properties of these molecules are diverse and their relatively short monosaccharide sequences make the oligosaccharides amenable to study.
Glycoproteins are characterized into two groups according to their linkage to protein. The O-glycosyl linked oligosaccharides including mucin-type oligosaccharides, the proteoglycan type, the collagen-type and the extensin-type are bonded to the hydroxyl oxygen of L-serine or L-threonine. The N-glycosyl linked oligosaccharides are bound to the amido nitrogen of asparagine in a tripeptide generally of the form Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr (where Xaa represents any amino acid). The N-linked oligosaccharides are further differentiated into 3 subgroups these being the high mannose type, the complex type and the hybrid type. N-linked oligosaccharides are frequently branched where branching commonly occurs either at a mannose residue or at an N-acetylglucosamine residue. These branched structures are called biantennary, if there are two branches, and triantennary if there are three branches.
The oligosaccharide can be characterized by its sequence of monosaccharides. The oligosaccharide is attached at its reducing end to the amino acid sequence of the protein while the non-reducing end is found at the terminal monosaccharide at the other end of the oligosaccharide. Other important characteristics of oligosaccharides are the glycosidic bonds that connect individual monosaccharides. The glycosidic bonds obtain their numerical assignment according to the carbons in the monosaccharide ring where linkage occurs. The carbons are numbered in a clockwise direction from 1 to 6. Any of these carbons can be involved in the glycosidic bond although commonly the carbon-1 on the monosaccharide closer to the non-reducing end forms a glycosidic bond with any other carbon on the monosaccharide toward the reducing end of the oligosaccharide. Because each carbon on a monosaccharide is asymmetric, the glycosidic bond occurs in two anomeric configurations, the alpha and the beta anomer. The type of anomer is determined by the position of the reactive hydroxyl group on the carbon. FIG. 1 illustrates the possible linkage configurations that may exist between two monosaccharides.
Oligosaccharides are synthesized by a battery of enzymes in the cell known as glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Typically, an oligosaccharide is assembled on a lipid carrier and transferred to the appropriate amino acid within the protein to be glycosylated. Glycosidase trimming and glycosyltransferase mediated synthesis follows and individual monosaccharides or preassembled oligosaccharide units are removed or added. In addition, microscopic reversibility may occur when the exoglycosidases that are usually hydrolytic enzymes, act as transferases in a synthetic role (Ichikawa et al. 1992, Anal. Biochem. 202:2
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Tulsiani, e
Guan Chudi
Guthrie Ellen P.
Landry David
Robbins Phillips W.
Taron Christopher H.
New England Biolabs Inc.
Slobodyansky Elizabeth
Wax Robert A.
Williams Gregory D.
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