Static information storage and retrieval – Floating gate – Multiple values
Reexamination Certificate
2000-04-26
2001-09-11
Nelms, David (Department: 2818)
Static information storage and retrieval
Floating gate
Multiple values
C365S185010
Reexamination Certificate
active
06288933
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) and electron capture detectors (ECD) comprising ion drift tubes comprising reaction regions, drift regions and ion collectors, wherein analog memory cells with exposed floating gates are used for the movement and detection of ions. The floating gates of the analog memory cells are programmed to suitable potentials to develop electric fields along the axis of the reaction region and the drift region for the movement of the ions generated in the reaction region into the drift region. The exposed floating gates of the analog memory cells in the drift region are also used for collecting the ions and the charges of the collected ions are determined by the changes that take place in the potentials of the floating gates of the analog memory cells.
2. Description of Prior Art
Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) and electron capture detectors (ECD) for gas chromatographs and mass spectrometers have been developed for the detection and analysis of organic vapors, contaminants in the atmosphere and trace amounts of combat gases among other things. A typical drift tube used in these instruments comprises a reaction region for generating ions, a drift region for separating the ions and one or more ion collectors for collecting and detecting the charges of the ions. Sometimes a shutter grid is positioned between the reaction region and drift region which controls the flow of ions into the drift region. A carrier gas together with a sample gas introduced into the drift tube through the inlet is ionized by a radioactive source in the reaction region. Other methods such as photoionization have also been proposed or used for generating the ions.
The ions formed through these processes move to the ion collector(s) under the influence of an electric field which is applied along the axis of the ion drift tube. The mixture of ions is separated into individual ions before arrival at the collectors by the collision with drift gas molecules which normally flow in the opposite direction of ion flow and each ion shows unique mobility due to their mass, size, and charge. The separated ions produce an electric current upon contact with the collectors. The individual ion mobilities and the resulting currents of the ions arriving at the different collectors provide a basis for the identification of the chemical species and amounts originally introduced into the reaction region.
The specificity and sensitivity of prior art drift tubes is largely limited by the means used for measuring the small currents generated by the collected ions. Conventional electrometer circuits are only capable of measuring currents down to a few femtoamps (10
−15
A) at best even when the collectors have a large surface area. Therefore there have been many attempts to develop charge detectors for ion mobility spectrometers, gas chromatographs and mass spectrometers of new design having better specificity and sensitivity, smaller size, easier manufacturing method and lower cost.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for moving and detecting the ions in an ion drift tube for use in ion mobility spectrometers and electron capture detectors for gas chromatographs and mass spectrometers. The ion drift tube according to the present invention comprises analog memory cells with exposed floating gates to develop electric fields along the axis of the reaction region and the drift region for the movement of ions from the reaction region to the drift region. The ion collectors in the drift region also comprise analog memory cells with exposed floating gates for collecting the ions and the charges of the collected ions are determined by measuring the changes that take place in the potentials of the floating gates. Due to the small capacitance and excellent charge retention properties of floating gate analog memories, changes in the floating gate potential corresponding to charges as low as 10
−16
coulombs can be reliably and rapidly detected.
The present invention also utilizes a plurality of floating gate analog memory cells on a semiconductor substrate instead of conductive rings, conductive plates, conductive disks, or conductive or resistive coatings as in prior art drift tubes and chambers to develop the electric fields along the axis of the ion drift tube for moving, collecting and detecting the ions, so an IMS or ECD made by using the present invention can be of small size and low cost. As it is easy and fast to control the potential of the floating gates of the analog memory cells by electrical programming, uniform and programmable electric fields may be developed in the reaction region and the drift region. Arrays of various patterns of analog memory cells can be made reproducibly and with low cost on a single semiconductor substrate in mass production using conventional semiconductor processing technology.
The drift tube for use in ion mobility spectrometers and electron capture detectors according to the present invention can be produced by an easy manufacturing method, has high specificity, high sensitivity, small size and low cost.
REFERENCES:
patent: 5218203 (1993-06-01), Eisele et al.
patent: 5227628 (1993-07-01), Turner
patent: 5834771 (1998-11-01), Yoon et al.
patent: 6124592 (2000-09-01), Spangler
Kubovcik & Kubovcik
Le Thong
Nelms David
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