Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring...
Reexamination Certificate
2002-02-25
2003-03-04
Reamer, James H (Department: 1614)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring...
C514S419000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06528506
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to programmed cell death and specifically to methods for expansion of hematopoietic cells, for prolonging viablility of an organ for transplantation, and maintaining viability of cell lines used in bioproduction using interleukin-1&bgr;-converting enzyme (ICE)/CED-3 family inhibitors.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to programmed cell death and specifically to methods for expansion of hematopoietic cells, for prolonging viablility of an organ for transplantation, and maintaining viability of cell lines used in bioproduction using interleukin-1&bgr;-converting enzyme (ICE)/CED-3 family inhibitors.
Necrosis and apoptosis are two basic processes by which cells may die. In necrosis cell death usually is a result of cell injury. The cells generally swell and lyse, and the cell contents ultimately spill into the extracellular space. By contrast, apoptosis is a mode of cell death in which single cells are deleted in the midst of living tissues. Apoptosis accounts for most of the programmed cell death in tissue remodeling and for the cell loss that accompanies atrophy of adult tissues following withdrawal of endocrine and growth stimuli. In addition, apoptosis is believed to be responsible for the physiologic death of cells in the course of normal tissue turnover (i.e. tissue homeostasis) (Kerr, J. F. et al, 1972
. Br. J. Cancer
26:239-257; Wyllie A. H., et al. 1980
. Int. Rev. Cytol
. 68:251-306).
The effector mechanisms of apoptosis are not completely understood, but ultimately, certain nuclear changes occur that appear to be caused by the activation of endogenous nucleases that cleave chromatin between nucleosomes and reduce the content of intact DNA in apoptotic cells. A number of regulators of apoptosis have been identified. Some of these are already familiar as protooncogenes and oncosuppressor genes, including c-myc, bcl-2, p53, and ras. The protooncogene products and oncosuppressor proteins are believed to control cellular susceptibility to apoptosis (Isaacs, J. T. 1994
. Curr. Opin. Oncol
. 6:82-89). C-myc can determine whether cells continuously proliferate or enter apoptosis, depending on the availability of critical growth factors (Bisonnette, R. P., et al. 1994. In
Apoptosis II: The Molecular Basis of Apoptosis in Disease
. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press). In cultured cells, proliferation is usually observed in the presence of c-myc and growth factors, whereas apoptosis is seen when c-myc is present but growth factors are absent. Certain other oncogenes (e.g., bcl-2) rescue cells from susceptibility to apoptosis. Specifically, members of the bcl-2 gene family can act to inhibit programmed cell death (e.g., bcl-2, bcl-xL, ced-9) or promote cell death (e.g., bax, bak, bcl-xS). Additionally, members of the ICE/CED-3 family can promote cell death (e.g., ICE, CPP32, Ich-1, CED3).
Interleukin 1 (“IL-1”) is a major pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory protein that stimulates fibroblast differentiation and proliferation, the production of prostaglandins, collagenase and phospholipase by synovial cells and chondrocytes, basophil and eosinophil degranulation and neutrophil activation. Oppenheim, J. H. et al.,
Immunology Today
. 7:45-56 (1986). As such, it is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic and acute inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. IL-1 is predominantly produced by peripheral blood monocytes as part of the inflammatory response. Mosely, B. S. et al.,
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci
. 84:4572-4576 (1987); Lonnemann, G. et al.,
Eur. J. Immunol
., 19:1531-1536 (1989).
Mammalian IL-1&bgr; is synthesized as a precursor polypeptide of about 31.5 kDa (Limjuco, et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
, 83:3972, 1986). Precursor IL-1&bgr; is unable to bind to IL-1 receptors and is biologically inactive (Mosley, et al.,
J. Biol. Chem
., 262:2941, 1987). Biological activity appears dependent upon proteolytic processing which results in the conversion of the precursor 31.5 kDa form to the mature 17.5 kDa form.
Proteolytic maturation of human precursor IL-1&bgr; to mature, 17 kDa IL-1&bgr; results from cleavage between Asp
116
and Ala
117
. An endoproteinase, termed Interleukin-1&bgr; Converting Enzyme (ICE), has been identified in human monocytes that is capable of cleaving the IL-1&bgr; precursor at Asp
116
-Ala
117
, as well as at the site Asp
27
-Gly
28
, and generating mature IL-1&bgr; with the appropriate amino terminus at Ala
117
. The Asp at position 116 has been found to be essential for cleavage, since substitution of Ala (Kostura, et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci
., 86:5227, 1989) or other amino acids (Howard, et al.,
J. Immunol
., 147:2964, 1991) for Asp inhibits this cleavage event.
The substrate specificity of human ICE has been defined with the use of peptides that span the cleavage site of the enzyme. Two features of peptide substrates are essential for catalytic recognition by the enzyme. First, there is a strong preference for aspartic acid adjacent to the cleavage site, in that any substitution of this residue in the IL-1&bgr; precursor and peptide substrates leads to a substantial reduction in the rate of catalysis (Kostura, et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci
., 86:5227, 1989; Sleath, et al.,
J. Biol. Chem
., 265:14526, 1990; Howard, et al.,
J. Immunol
., 147:2964, 1991). There is an equally stringent requirement for four amino acids to the left of the cleavage site, whereas methylamine is sufficient to the right. The minimal substrate for the enzyme, AC-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-NH—CH
3
, is a particularly good peptide substrate with a relative Vmax/Km similar to that of the IL-1&bgr; precursor itself (Thornberry, et al.,
Nature
356:768, 1992).
ICE is a cysteinyl proteinase by the following criteria: (1) the diazomethylketone AC-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-COCHN
2
is a potent, competitive, irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme, (2) inactivation of the enzyme by iodoacetate is competitive with substrate, and (3) the catalytically active Cys reacts selectively with [
14
C] iodoacetate more than 10 times faster than do other cysteines or dithiothreitol (Thornberry, et al.,
Nature
, 356:768, 1992).
ICE is related structurally and functionally to the CED-3 protease that functions as a cell death effector in the roundworm
C. elegans
(Yuan, et al.,
Cell
, 75:641, 1993). ICE and CED-3 form part of a larger family of proteases (the ICE/CED-3 family) that includes CPP32, ICH-1, Mch-2, ICE
rel
II, ICE
rel
III, Mch-3, Mch4 and Mch-5. All of these enzymes are cysteine proteases that share significant homology at their active sites. They also share the specificity for substrate cleavage at asp-x bonds. Additionally, each of the ICE/CED-3 family members is synthesized as a pro-enzyme that is then proteolytically activated to form an active enzyme.
Thus, disease states in which inhibitors of the ICE/ced-3 family of cysteine proteases may be useful as therapeutic agents include: infectious diseases, such as meningitis and salpingitis; septic shock, respiratory diseases; inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis, cholangitis, colitis, encephalitis, endocerolitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis and reperfusion injury, ischemic diseases such as the myocardial infarction, stroke and ischemic kidney disease; immune-based diseases, such as hypersensitivity; auto-immune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis; bone diseases; and certain neurodegenerative diseases.
In various cell culture systems, it has been shown that inhibition of ICE/CED-3 family members can effectively inhibit apoptosis. For example, the compound acetyl-DEVD-aldehyde inhibited anti-Fas induced apoptosis in a T-lymphocyte cell line (Schlegel, et al.,
J. Biol. Chem
., 271:1841, 1996; Enari, et al.,
Nature
, 380:723, 1996). Similarly, acetyl-YVAD-aldehyde and acetyl-YVAD-chloromethylketone blocked the death of motoneurons in vitro and in vivo (Milligan, et al.,
Neuron
, 15:385, 1995). In addition, the ICE/CED-3 family inhibitor Boc-D-(benzyl) chloromethylketone as well as crmA prevented the cell death of mammary epithelial cells that o
Bai Xu
Fritz Lawrence C.
Karanewski Donald S.
Linton Steven D.
Tomaselli Kevin J.
IDUN Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Reamer James H
Seed Intellectual Property Law Group PLLC
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