Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Designated organic active ingredient containing – Peptide containing doai
Patent
1993-11-12
1997-11-11
Russel, Jeffrey E.
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Designated organic active ingredient containing
Peptide containing doai
530314, 530323, 930 30, 930DIG600, A61K 3802, A61K 3808, C07K 718
Patent
active
056864167
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
BACKGROUND
As our understanding of the nervous system and its related disorders increases, a wider range of therapeutic and diagnostic agents will become available. Once these agents have been identified, it will be necessary to deliver them to sites of diseased tissue in the central nervous system. Unfortunately, the existence of the blood-brain barrier limits the free passage of many types of molecules from the blood to cells of the central nervous system.
The physiological basis for the blood-brain barrier is the brain capillaries, which are comprised of endothelial cells (Goldstein, et al., Scientific American, 255:74-83 (1986); Pardridge, W. M., Endocrin. Rev., 7: 314-330 (1986)). These endothelial cells are different from those found in other tissues of the body. In particular, they form complex tight junctions between themselves. The actual blood-brain barrier is formed by these high-resistance tight intercellular junctions which, with the cells themselves, form a continuous wall against the passive movement of many molecules from the blood to the brain. These cells are also different in that they have few pinocytotic vesicles, which in other tissues allow somewhat unselective transport across the capillary wall. In addition, continuous gaps or channels running through the cells, which would allow unrestrained passage, are absent.
One function of the blood-brain barrier is to protect the brain from fluctuations in blood chemistry. However, this isolation of the brain from the bloodstream is not complete. There does exist an exchange of nutrients and waste products. The presence of specific transport systems within the capillary endothelial cells assures that the brain receives, in a controlled manner, all of the compounds required for normal growth and function. The obstacle presented by the blood-brain barrier is that, in the process of protecting the brain, it excludes many potentially useful therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
Several techniques exist that either physically break through the blood-brain barrier or circumvent it to deliver therapeutic or diagnostic agents. Among these are intrathecal injections, surgical implants, and osmotic techniques.
Intrathecal injection allows administration of agents directly into the brain ventricles and spinal fluid by puncturing the membranes surrounding the brain. Sustained delivery of agents directly into the spinal fluid can be attained by the use of infusion pumps that are implanted surgically. These spinal fluid delivery techniques are used to treat brain cancers, infections, inflammation and pain. However, they do not penetrate deeply into the brain.
Clinicians prefer to avoid intrathecal injections because they frequently are ineffective and can be dangerous. Substances injected intrathecally are distributed unevenly, slowly and incompletely in the brain. Since the volume of the spinal fluid is small, increases in intracerebral pressure can occur with repeated injections. Furthermore, improper needle or catheter placement can result in seizure, bleeding, encephalitis and a variety of other severe side effects.
An osmotic approach has been used by Dr. Edward Neuwelt at the University of Oregon to deliver chemotherapeutics and imaging antibodies to tumors in the brain. (Neuwelt, E. A., Implication of the Blood-Brain Barrier and its Manipulation, Vols 1 & 2, Plenum Press, N.Y. (1989)). This technique involves an arterial injection of a bolus of a hypertonic mannitol solution. The osmotic differential exerted by the mannitol causes the endothelial cells forming the barrier to shrink, opening gaps between them for a brief period. During this period, the drug is administered into the arterial system and is carried directly into the brain. The osmotic approach demonstrates that once past the barrier, therapeutic agents can be effectively distributed throughout the brain.
Because of the many risks involved, a 24- to 48-hour period in an intensive care unit is necessary following osmotic treatment. Mannitol can cause permanent damage (including blindness)
REFERENCES:
patent: 3364193 (1968-01-01), Hempel et al.
patent: 4923963 (1990-05-01), Stewart et al.
patent: 5112596 (1992-05-01), Malfroy-Camine
patent: 5154924 (1992-10-01), Friden
patent: 5162497 (1992-11-01), Coy et al.
patent: 5268164 (1993-12-01), Kozarich
.psi.(CH.sub.2 -NH)Arg.sup.9 !bradykinin . . . ", pp. 193-195.
Br. J. Pharmacology, vol. 99, issued 1990, Rhaleb et al, "Structure-activity studies on bradykinin . . . ", pp. 445-448.
Kyle, et al., "Design and Conformational Analysis of Several Highly Potent Bradykinin Receptor Antagonists," J. Med. Chem., 34(3): 1230-1233 (1991).
Wahl, M., et al., "Effects of Bradykinin on Pial Arteries and Arterioles In Vitro and In Situ," J. Cere. Blood Flow and Metab., 3: 231-237 (1983).
Unterberg, A. and Baethmann, A.J., "The Kallikrein-Kinin System as Mediator in Vasogenic Brain Edema," J. Neurosurg., 61: 87-96 (1984).
Unterberg, A., et al., "Effects of Bradykinin on Permeability and Diameter of Pial Vessels In Vivo," J. Cere. Blood Flow and Metab., 4: 574-585 (1984).
Wahl, et al., "Cerebrovascular Effects of Bradykinin," Neural Regulation of Brain Circulation, C. Owman and J.E. Hardebo, eds., Elsevier Science Publ., pp. 419-430 (1986).
Olesen, S.-P. and Crone, C., "Substances that Rapidly Augment Ionic Conductance of Endothelium in Cerebral Venules," Acta Physiol. Scand., 127: 233-241 (1986).
Wahl. M., et al., "Effects of Bradykinin on Credbral Haemodynamics and Blood-Brain Barrier Function," In: Peptidergic Mechanisms in Cerebral Circulation (Edwinssen and McCulloch, Eds) Chichester, Herwood: 166-190 (1987).
Wahl, M., et al., "Mediators of Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Formation of Vasogenic Brain Edema," J. Cere. Blood Flow and Metab., 8: 621-634 (1988).
Raymond, J.J., et al., "Pharmacological Modufication of Bradykinin Induced Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier," Can. J. Neuro. Sci., 13: 214-220 (1986).
Saria, A., et al., "Vascular Protein Leakage in Various Tissues Induced by Substance P, Capsaicin, Bradykinin, Serotonin, Histamine and by Antigen Challenge," Naunyn-Schniedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol., 324: 212-218 (1983).
Kamitani, T., et al., "Evidence for a Possible Role of the Brain Kallikrein-Kinin System in the Modulation of the Cerebral Circulation," Circulation Research, 57(4): 545-552 (1985).
Schurer, L., et al., "Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Vascular Reactivity to Bradykinin after Pretreatment with Dexamethasone," Acta Neuropathol., 77: 576-581 (1989).
Marceau, et al., "Pharmacology of Kinins: Their Relevance to Tissue Injury and Inflammation," Gen. Pharmac., 14(2), 209-229 (1983).
Hiesiger, et al., "Opening the Blood-Brain and Blood-Tumor Barriers in Experimental Rat Brain Tumors: The Effect of Intracarotid Hyperosmolar Mannitol on Capillary Permeability and Blood Flow," Annals Neurology, 19(1): 50-59 (1986).
Barry, et al., "Amphotericin B and the Blood-Brain Barrier to Methotrexate," Neurosurgery, 10(2): 224-226 (1982).
Williams, et al., "Pharmacokinetics of Interferon in Blood, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain after Administration of Modified Polyriboinosinic-Polyribocytidylic Acid and Amphotericin B," J. Inf. Diseases, 146(6): 819-825 (1982).
Ayre, "New Approaches to the Delivery of Drugs to the Brain," Medical Hypotheses, 29: 283-291 (1989).
Unterberg, A., et al., "Blood Flow, Metabolism, and Function of the Brain During Cerebral Administration of Bradykinin," Advances in Neurosurgery, 13: 326-329 (1985).
Chemical Abstracts, vol. 105, No. 19, 10 Nov. 1986, Columbus, OH, U.S.; Abstract No. 164987q.
Rhaleb, et al., "Structure-Activity Studies on Bradykinin and Related Peptides: Agonists," Br. J. Pharmacol. 99, 445-448 (1990).
Kozarich John W.
Malfroy-Camine Bernard
Musso Gary F.
Alkermes, Inc.
Russel Jeffrey E.
LandOfFree
Increasing blood-brain barrier permeability with permeabilizer p does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Increasing blood-brain barrier permeability with permeabilizer p, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Increasing blood-brain barrier permeability with permeabilizer p will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-1229135