Furnaces – Refuse incinerator – Rotary drum
Reexamination Certificate
1998-08-10
2001-07-03
Lazarus, Ira S. (Department: 3743)
Furnaces
Refuse incinerator
Rotary drum
C110S203000, C110S215000, C110S258000, C110S259000, C432S111000, C432S117000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06253689
ABSTRACT:
TECHNICAL FIELD
The invention is an improvement in a garbage/wastes/dust/trash incinerator (hereinafter called “machine”. The invented incinerator is a machine comprising a drying chamber (drier), a decomposing chamber (decomposer), a combusting chamber (fire room), a catalytic converter (converter) and a water vapor condenser (condenser). They are integrated such that a counter flow heat exchange is effected between the output and the input, wherein a basic substance is mixed with the waste. The term output refers to exhaust gas (exhaust) and the ashes (ash). The term input refers to combustion air (air) and waste. The machine needs a very small amount of auxiliary fuel. The emission of pollutants can be reduced to a very low level. The machine is capable of dealing with various types of waste. Most of the constituent elements of the machine may be incorporated in a rotating body. The temperature of exhaust is close to the room temperature. A scrubber can be directly connected to or integrated with the machine.
BACKGROUND ART
Waste incineration is indispensable to industry for reducing the weight of waste and eliminating the danger of fire, pathogenic organs, and toxic organic compounds. In addition to harmful or toxic compounds (pollutants), which exist in waste and remain after combustion, such as arsenic, heavy metals and radioactive substances, pollutants are also produced by incineration even if waste has no pollutants. Pollutants produced in incineration are causing problem today. Rotating reactor is adopted and/or lime is added in incineration, however, effective results cannot be obtained.
Burning waste needs oxygen (O
2
). Only ⅕ of the air being O
2
, burning one metric ton dried waste needs fifteen ton (11,000 m
3
) air. Major thermal substances of the incineration are water (H
2
O) air and exhaust. Exhaust has usually high temperature such as 600-1500 degrees C. Heat of vaporization of H
2
O (latent heat) and heat which is used for heating the exhaust (sensible heat) are wasted into the atmosphere. The latent heat is a large amount of energy. Therefore the total combustion heat (higher heat value) is distinguished from that omitted the latent heat of (H
2
O) (lower heat value). Living organisms use higher heat value, but common burning uses only lower heat value. While (H
2
O) is not only produced during burning, but is also found in waste, latent heat of H
2
O from both sources is wasted. Therefore, 2-5 times of weight of waste auxiliary fuel is consumed in raw garbage incineration. Incinerating waste including 80-90% H
2
O such as sewerage dregs cake, filter remained tofu scum (like a brewer's grains of tofu making) and wasted tofu bean-curd, even 10 times of weight auxiliary fuel can only produce carbides including raw part. In general in these cases, extraordinary amount of auxiliary fuel is consumed in waste incineration.
Heat recycle arts are described.
Let air and exhaust have the same heat capacity and flow in sufficiently long pipes, the exhaust being hot and air being cold at each intake. When the two pipes are contacted along their whole length with the intakes being adjacent and the outlets being adjacent, the exhaust and air at the outlets have the same average temperature. This arrangement is called a parallel flow heat exchange (PF). On the other hand, when the pipes are so contacted that each intake is adjacent to the other outlet, then the temperature at each outlet becomes the same as the temperature at the corresponding or adjacent intake. This arrangement is called a counter flow heat exchange (CF). CF method has been tried in the dilute fuel combustion.
When a higher temperature air is used, the lower concentration flammables can be ignited, and nitrogen oxides (NO
x
), carbon monoxide (CO), soot, etc. can be reduced, and efficiency of energy transformation rate is improved. In some cases trials were conducted wherein fuel combustion and H
2
O vapor in exhaust was not condensed into liquid.
Waste incineration is much more difficult than proper fuel combustion, because waste includes a large amount of H
2
O, many nonvolatiles, solids or various substances, ash remains or residuals. Burning waste produces pollutants easily and has various shapes. Therefore, it has been considered impossible in waste incineration to use high technologies, which are difficult to use even in fuel combustion.
Pollutants can be classified into two groups: inevitable and additional. Inevitable pollutants are pollutants which cannot be avoided and include carbon dioxide, CO
2
and nitrogen oxides NO
x
. If the main flammable components of waste are generally organic compounds, waste incineration produces CO
2
and H
2
O. CO
2
is not very harmful, but a person can die if he is exposed to it in high concentration. Since CO
2
is a global greenhouse effect substance, the reduction of its emission is required. Auxiliary fuel also produces CO
2
. The reduction of auxiliary fuel is necessary for saving natural resources, too. CO
2
produced by auxiliary fuel should be reduced much more than CO
2
produced by waste itself. Incineration of waste formed of a mixture of plastics is, however, is a problem because it produces pollutants such as dioxins. Electric generation exploiting the heat from waste incineration is recommended, however, saving auxiliary fuel is more effective for present technology.
NO
x
is produced only when the air is heated and its formation enthalpy is positive so that it is decomposed by catalysts. A catalytic converter of a car utilizes this effect. NO
x
is hardly produced in incomplete combustion and is reduced when complete combustion gas (oxidizing flame) is mixed with incomplete combustion gas (reducing flame).
Additional pollutants are classified further into nonflammable and flammable pollutants. Nonflammable pollutants include halogen, hydrogen halides, NO
x
, sulfur oxides (SO
x
), phosphorus oxide (PO
x
) and fly ash. Flammable pollutants include organic compounds, carbon, CO, ammonia (NH
3
), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) and sulfur. Organic compounds include organic halogen compounds, amines, nitrites, mercaptans, hydrocarbons, alcohol, aldehydes, organic acid and soot. During a complete combustion flammable pollutants changes into inevitable pollutants and/or nonflammable pollutants. However, flammable pollutants such as organic halogen compounds cannot be easily combusted completely. The pharmacopoeia of many countries and international organizations (USA, Japan, UK, France, European Pharmacopoeia, International Pharmacopoeia, etc.) mentions the “oxygen flask combustion method” to measure the quantity of and/or identify halogen (Br, Cl, F, I) or sulfur (S) included in organic compounds. The title of the mentioned pharmacopoeia of USA is “Oxygen Flask Combustion”. This method comprises the following steps. The organic substance is set in a filter paper in a platinum (Pt) basket, it is burned in pure O
2
atmosphere and the quantity of acid gas such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) produced in combustion is measured. Even substance which are very difficult to burn, such as organic halogen compounds can be completely burned under certain favorable condition, such is pure O
2
and in the presence of a Pt catalyst.
If additional air is applied in order to achieve complete combustion, then additional auxiliary fuel is also required to provide the sensible heat. From an economical point of view, an incomplete but nearly complete combustion is preferable.
Dioxins are a kind of organic halogen compound, which is an organic compound combined with chlorine when waste is scorched, and is produced by the burning of organic halogen compounds such as vinyl chloride. Halogen elements and halogen compounds, which vaporize in an incinerator, are called volatile halogens. Organic halogen compounds decompose thermally above 180 degrees C. and result in volatle halogens such as HCl or Cl
2
. Aluminum chloride AlCl
3
(b.p. 183 degrees C.) is also a volatile halogen. Volatile halogens change organic compounds into organic halogen comp
Ciric Ljiljana V.
Gottlieb Rackman & Reisman P.C.
Lazarus Ira S.
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