Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and – Plant – seedling – plant seed – or plant part – per se – Higher plant – seedling – plant seed – or plant part
Reexamination Certificate
2003-01-07
2004-09-07
Nelson, Amy J. (Department: 1638)
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and
Plant, seedling, plant seed, or plant part, per se
Higher plant, seedling, plant seed, or plant part
C435S410000, C800S260000, C800S266000, C800S278000, C800S279000, C800S280000, C800S300000, C800S301000, C800S302000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06787685
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a new and distinctive carrot inbred line, designated S-D813B. There are numerous steps in the development of any novel, desirable plant germplasm. Plant breeding begins with the analysis and definition of problems and weaknesses of the current germplasm, the establishment of program goals, and the definition of specific breeding objectives. The next step is selection of germplasm that possess the traits to meet the program goals. The goal is to combine in a single variety or hybrid an improved combination of desirable traits from the parental germplasm. These important traits may include higher yield, field performance, vegetable and agronomic quality such as uniform taper, color, content in soluble solids, low bitterness, high moisture, resistance to diseases and insects, and tolerance to drought and extreme temperatures. With mechanical harvesting of carrots for process purpose, i.e. juice, fresh market, packaged “baby carrots”, cello-pak, etc, uniformity of plant characteristics such as germination, growth rate, maturity and plant uniformity is also important.
Practically speaking, all cultivated and commercial forms of carrot belong to a species referred to as
Daucus Carota. Daucus Carota
is a complex species, botanically comprising both wild and cultivated carrots. Carrots belong to the family Apiaceae which is characterized as having dissected leaves, umbellate inflorescences and fruits that are schizocarps (which split into two mericarps). Several hundred varieties of carrot exist in the market today.
Carrots originated in South Asia, in what is now Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. By 900 to 1000 A.D. they were being grown from India to the Eastern Mediterranean. By the 1300's purple and yellow carrots had spread as far as Western Europe and China. The first appearance of white and orange carrots in Europe was during the 1700's. Orange carrots soon displaced other colors and today predominate throughout the world. Carrots are an excellent source of beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A) and the high pigment varieties are also an excellent source of antioxidants thought to help prevent cancer.
There are two main types of cultivated carrots. Eastern/Asiatic carrots are often called anthocyanin carrots because of their purple roots, athough some have yellow roots. They have pubescent leaves giving them a gray-green color and bolt easily. They have slightly dissected leaves with branched roots and are an annual plant. Western or carotene carrots have orange, red or white roots. These carrots were most likely derived from the first group by selection among hybrid progenies of yellow Eastern carrots, white carrots and wild subspecies grown in the Mediterranean. The leaves are strongly dissected, the roots are unbranched and they have bright green, sparsely hairy foliage and are biennial.
The biennial carrot is is a plant that only flowers every two years. In the first year the plant produces the edible root and a leafy top. If a carrot plant is left in the ground for another year, aided by a resting and cold vernalization period, it flowers and seeds are produced. Sexual reproduction in carrots is therefore not different from other flowering plants. Pollen is produced and transferred to the female part of the flower, the stigma. The pollen grain then delivers the sperm cells within it to the ovary via a long tube where fertilization takes place. The seeds are tiny—a teaspoon can hold almost 2000 seeds.
The carrot is a cool climate crop and can be sown early in the Spring in temperate climates or in the Fall or Winter in sub-tropical areas.
The Western carrot is by far the most popular carrot and is sub-divided into three groups: 1) Short-rooted varieties that mature more quickly and the first to be sown such as Amsterdam Forcing, Tiana, Early French Frame, Early Nantes, Champion Scarlet Horn. 2) Medium-rooted varieties are the most common type of commercially grown carrots. Varieties include Mokum, Flakkee, Autumn King, Chatenay Red Cored, Royal Chatenay. 3) Long-rooted varieties are usually grown in well-prepared and deep soils and include varieties New Red Intermediate and Saint Valery.
Carrots are widely used as a fresh market or processed product. As a crop, carrots are grown commercially wherever environmental conditions permit the production of an economically viable yield. Carrots are highly regarded for their nutritional value and their storability. In many parts of the world, carrots may provide a durable source of nutrition while maintained in very crude facilities. They are credited as a major source of pro-Vitamin A in the human diet. Carrots are widely adapted to various climates and growing conditions. A loose, well-drained soil for decent root growth and development is the main requirement for adequate production.
Fresh market carrots are available in the United States year round. Process carrots are used in many forms, as frozen pack in mixed or solo vegetables, canned as diced, sliced, or sticks, or as a major or minor part of many fruit juice drinks.
Choice of breeding or selection methods depends on the mode of plant reproduction, the heritability of the trait(s) being improved, and the type of cultivar used commercially (e.g., F
1
hybrid cultivar, pureline cultivar, etc.). For highly heritable traits, a choice of superior individual plants evaluated at a single location will be effective, whereas for traits with low heritability, selection should be based on mean values obtained from replicated evaluations of families of related plants. Popular selection methods commonly include pedigree selection, modified pedigree selection, mass selection, and recurrent selection.
The complexity of inheritance influences choice of the breeding method. Backcross breeding is used to transfer one or a few favorable genes for a highly heritable trait into a desirable cultivar. This approach has been used extensively for breeding disease-resistant cultivars. Various recurrent selection techniques are used to improve quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes. The use of recurrent selection in self-pollinating crops depends on the ease of pollination, the frequency of successful hybrids from each pollination, and the number of hybrid offspring from each successful cross.
Each breeding program should include a periodic, objective evaluation of the efficiency of the breeding procedure. Evaluation criteria vary depending on the goal and objectives, but should include gain from selection per year based on comparisons to an appropriate standard, overall value of the advanced breeding lines, and number of successful cultivars produced per unit of input (e.g., per year, per dollar expended, etc.).
Promising advanced breeding lines are thoroughly tested and compared to appropriate standards in environments representative of the commercial target area(s) for three years at least. The best lines are candidates for new commercial cultivars; those still deficient in a few traits are used as parents to produce new populations for further selection.
These processes, which lead to the final step of marketing and distribution, usually take from eight to 12 years from the time the first cross is made. Therefore, development of new cultivars is a time-consuming process that requires precise forward planning, efficient use of resources, and a minimum of changes in direction.
A most difficult task is the identification of individuals that are genetically superior, because for most traits the true genotypic value is masked by other confounding plant traits or environmental factors. One method of identifying a superior plant is to observe its performance relative to other experimental plants and to a widely grown standard cultivar. If a single observation is inconclusive, replicated observations provide a better estimate of its genetic worth.
The goal of plant breeding is to develop new, unique and superior carrot inbred lines and hybrids. The breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental lines, followe
Jondle & Associates P.C.
Kruse David H
Nelson Amy J.
Seminis Vegetable Seeds Inc.
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