Multiplex communications – Pathfinding or routing – Switching a message which includes an address header
Reexamination Certificate
1999-06-03
2001-09-18
Chin, Wellington (Department: 2664)
Multiplex communications
Pathfinding or routing
Switching a message which includes an address header
C370S397000, C370S395430
Reexamination Certificate
active
06292485
ABSTRACT:
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
NOT APPLICABLE
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
NOT APPLICABLE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates generally to communication systems, and more specifically to a system for loading management and control software into a hybrid STM/ATM add-drop multiplexer.
As it is generally known, SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) defines a set of standards for a synchronous optical hierarchy that has the flexibility to transport many digital signals having different capacities. A corresponding international synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) standard provides a set of definitions analogous to those of SONET. The synchronous nature of SONET is provided by a receive side and a transmit side clock in each network element (NE). In order to synchronize the receive and transmit clocks, a SONET network element, such as an add-drop multiplexer, includes circuitry to recover clock signals from various sources that may be available, and to distribute highly accurate clocks internally based on such recovery.
A central timing source provides a Building Integrated Time Source, also referred to as a “BITS” clock, that may be provided out-of-band to each network element in a SONET ring. If a network element is for some reason not able to receive the BITS clock directly, an embedded clock may be recovered by that device from an incoming line that should reflect the centrally provided BITS clock.
The basic building block in SONET is a synchronous transport signal level-
1
(STS-1), which is transported as a 51.840-Mb/s serial transmission using an optical carrier level-
1
(OC-1) optical signal. Higher data rates are transported using SONET by multiplexing N lower level signals together. To this end, SONET defines optical and electrical signals designated as OC-N (Optical Carrier level-N) and STS-N (Synchronous transport signal level-N), where OC-N and STS-N have the same data rate for a given value of N. Accordingly, just as STS-1 and OC-1 share a common data rate of 51.84 Mb/s, OC-3/STS-3 both have a data rate of 155.52 Mb/s.
Information transported via an STS-1 signal is organized as frames, each having 6480 bits (810 bytes). An STS-1 frame includes transport overhead and a Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE). The SPE includes a payload, which is typically mapped into the SPE by what is referred to as path terminating equipment at what is known as the path layer of the SONET architecture. Line terminating equipment, such as an OC-N to OC-M multiplexer, is used to place an SPE into a frame, along with certain line overhead (LOH) bytes. The LOH bytes provide information for line protection and maintenance purposes. The section layer in SONET transports the STS-N frame over a physical medium, such as optical fiber, and is associated with a number of section overhead (SOH) bytes. The SOH bytes are used for framing, section monitoring, and section level equipment communication. Finally, a physical layer in SONET transports the bits serially as either electrical or optical entities.
The SPE portion of an STS-1 frame is contained within an area of an STS-1 frame that is typically viewed as a matrix of bytes having 87 columns and 9 rows. Two columns of the matrix (
30
and
59
) contain fixed stuff bytes. Another column contains STS-1 POH. The payload of an SPE may have its first byte anywhere inside the SPE matrix, and, in fact may move around in this area between frames. The method by which the starting payload location is determined is responsive to the contents of transport overhead bytes in the frame referred to as H
1
and H
2
. H
1
and H
2
store an offset value referred to as a “pointer”, indicating a location in the STS-1 frame in which the first payload byte is located.
The pointer value enables a SONET network element to operate in the face of certain conditions which may, for example, cause the STS-1 frame rate to become faster or slower than the SPE insertion rate. This situation may arise when the clock of the NE must be derived from a relatively less accurate clock source, in order to continue operation, when a more accurate source, such as the BITS clock itself, has been lost. In such a case, an extra byte may need to be transmitted in what is known as a negative justification opportunity byte, or, one less byte may be transmitted in a given STS-1 frame so as to accommodate the SPE, thus causing the location of the beginning of the payload to vary.
Various digital signals, such as those defined in the well-known Digital Multiplex Hierarchy (DMH), may be included in the SPE payload. The DMH defines signals including DS-0 (referred to as a 64-kb/s time slot), DS-1 (1.544 Mb/s), and DS-3 (44.736 Mb/s). The SONET standard is sufficiently flexible to allow new data rates to be supported, as services require them. In a common implementation, DS-
1
s are mapped into virtual tributaries (VTs), which are in turn multiplexed into an STS-1 SPE, and are then multiplexed into an optical carrier-N (OC-N) optical line rate.
The payload of a particular SPE may be associated with one of four different sizes of virtual tributaries (VTs). The VTs are VT1.5 having a data rate of 1.728 Mb/s, VT2 at 2.304 Mb/s, VT3 at 3.456 Mb/s, and VT6 at 6.912 Mb/s. A superframe consists of four STS-1 frames, and is used to transmit a VT. The alignment of a VT within the bytes of the payload allocated for that VT is indicated by a pointer contained within two VT pointer bytes, which contain a pointer offset similar to the STS-1 pointer described above.
Existing add-drop multiplexers (ADMs) are SONET multiplexers that allow DS-1 and other DMH signals to be added into or dropped from an STS-1 signal. Traditional ADMs have two bi-directional ports, and may be used in self-healing ring (SHR) network architectures. An SHR uses a collection of network elements including ADMs in a physical closed loop so that each network element is connected with a duplex connection through its ports to two adjacent nodes. Any loss of connection due to a single failure of a network element or a connection between network elements may be automatically restored in this topology. Existing ADMs have additionally included a cross-connect matrix for directing STM signals from one interface to another. Such a cross-connect matrix is referred to as an STM switch fabric. The manner in which specific STM signals are directed between interfaces of the STM switch fabric depends on how the network bandwidth has been “provisioned” to the various customers using the network. The path of a signal through a given cross-connect matrix is statically defined based on provisioning information provided from a central office or “craft” technician.
As mentioned above, SONET provides substantial overhead information. SONET overhead information is accessed, generated, and processed by the equipment which terminates the particular overhead layer. More specifically, section terminating equipment operates on nine bytes of section overhead, which are used for communications between adjacent network elements. Section overhead supports functions such as: performance monitoring (STS-N signal), local orderwire, data communication channels (DCC) to carry information for OAM&P, and framing. The section overhead is found in the first three rows of columns
1
through
9
of the SPE.
Line terminating equipment operates on line overhead, which is used for the STS-N signal between STS-N multiplexers. Line overhead consists of 18 overhead bytes, and supports functions such as: locating the SPE in the frame, multiplexing or concatenating signals, performance monitoring, automatic protection switching, and line maintenance. The line overhead is found in rows
4
to
9
of columns
1
through
9
of the SPE.
Path overhead bytes (POH) are associated with the path layer, and are included in the SPE. Path-level overhead, in the form of either VT path overhead or STS path overhead, is carried from end-to-end; it is added to DS1 signals when they are mapped into virtual tributaries and for STS-1 payloads that travel
Chang Ted D.
Clouthier Terry A.
Holt Jeffrey
Trotta Joseph G.
Chin Wellington
Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc.
Pham Brenda
Weingarten, Schurgin Gagnebin & Hayes LLP
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