Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; – Proteins – i.e. – more than 100 amino acid residues – Chemical modification or the reaction product thereof – e.g.,...
Patent
1994-08-19
1997-10-14
Ceperley, Mary E.
Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins;
Proteins, i.e., more than 100 amino acid residues
Chemical modification or the reaction product thereof, e.g.,...
435 793, 435345, 436518, 436815, 5303889, 5303898, 5303911, 5303913, 530405, 530406, 530807, 544214, 546 22, 546 25, 549375, 558 84, 558 85, 558 86, 560186, C07K 1644, C07K 1700, C07F 96574
Patent
active
056774320
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to novel organophosphate compounds suitable for use as haptens, processes and novel intermediates for preparing the same, antibodies which are capable of binding to specific organophosphates, methods for preparing such antibodies, immunological assays employing such antibodies and assay kits including the antibodies.
BACKGROUND ART
Organophosphate pesticides are a large class of compounds commonly used as insecticides in the production of agricultural and horticultural produce. Legal maximum residue limits are stipulated by both national and international regulatory agencies for many of these compounds in most food crops and products. Increasingly, these levels are being monitored by the international and domestic agencies.
Accordingly, there is a need for internationally acceptable, simple, rapid, reliable, portable, sensitive and cost-effective assay systems for determining the presence of these organophosphate compounds. Immunoassay-based tests fulfil all these requirements. Modern immunoassays are based on two important phenomena: (i) the extraordinary discriminatory power of antibodies; (ii) detection systems that allow the reaction of the antibody with its hapten to be quantitated at low concentrations of the reactants (antibody and hapten). A plethora of labels has been applied as detecting agents in immunoassays such as enzymes, radioactive tracers, chemiluminescent and fluorescent labels, metal atom and sols, stable free radicals, latexes and bacteriophage.
The use of enzymes, enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and solid phase technology has brought about widespread use of these techniques. An excellent review of enzyme immunoassay is provided by Tijssen P, "Practice and theory of enzyme immunoassays" in Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology, Elsevier Amsterdam, New York, Oxford ISBN 0-7204-4200-1 (1990).
Antibodies have proven useful reagents for the detection, quantitation and purification of large antigenic molecules and small biological and synthetic organic molecules. The former group can be injected into animals without further modification, and providing a suitable immune response is evoked will result in antibodies that recognise the antigen.
Small molecules (M.sub.R <1,000) are usually unable to invoke an immune response when injected into animals. These molecules therefore have to be conjugated to larger immunogenic molecules (carriers). The small molecules then behave as an array of epitopes which in the presence of T cell receptors on the carrier can give rise to an immune response resulting in the production of antibodies by the differentiated B-lymphocytes.
Small molecules frequently need to be modified by introducing a spacer arm together with a functional group that can be utilised to conjugate the small molecule to the carrier. Placement of the linker/functional group on the small molecule will define the epitope that the antibodies recognise. If a choice exists, and one wishes to produce antibodies specific for the molecule, one should place the linker in such a position that it is spatially distant from any unique structural features on the molecule. Another consideration regarding the linker relates to size and possible antigenicity of the linker arm itself since these can act as immunogens themselves and give rise to unwanted antibodies. Another problem frequently encountered is that the molecule and linker arm may form a new unit, and stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that recognise the new unit but may not recognise or have only a low affinity for the desired molecule. In such cases the antibodies are of no practical use.
All of these problems need to be addressed when considering the production of antibodies to small molecules.
The organophosphate group of pesticides, being small molecules, are not immunogenic nor can the majority of them be readily conjugated to a suitable carrier protein when in their usual chemical state to render them antigenic. A particular drawback in the production of r
REFERENCES:
J.H. Billman et al. "1,3,2-Dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxides . . . " Journal of armaceutical Sciences, vol. 59 No. 6, Jun. 1970, pp. 861-863.
Dzantiev, B.B. et al. "Malathion antigen synthesis . . . " WPIL/Derwent SU1670608. Abstract.
Hoeve Wolter Ten
Jones William Thomas
Wynberg Hans
Ceperley Mary E.
The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Limi
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