Image analysis – Image compression or coding – Predictive coding
Reexamination Certificate
1999-05-20
2001-02-13
Couso, Jose I. (Department: 2721)
Image analysis
Image compression or coding
Predictive coding
Reexamination Certificate
active
06188794
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image coding system for coding an image signal with high efficiency.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As is known in the art, means for eliminating redundant components-included in an image signal is used for coding an image signal. A typical approach to image coding is the transform coding method wherein an image is divided into blocks, an orthogonal transform is carried out for each of the blocks, and the transform coefficients are encoded.
In the case of television signals such as an NTSC signal, interlaced scanning is used whereby an image signal of one frame is scanned twice, once in the odd field and once in the even field. The two fields scan different but complementary spaces of an image. The fields have image information at different times but there is a relatively strong correlation therebetween because the scanned lines of the two fields are alternate and adjacent. There is a technique in which coding is carried out after combining the fields and dividing them into blocks when coding an image signal produced by the interlaced scanning.
FIG. 1
is a block diagram showing the structure of an embodiment of “High Efficiency Image Coding System” described in the Japanese Patent Public Disclosure No. 1688/1991. In
FIG. 1
, the coding system includes a non-interlacing section
1
, a motion detecting section
2
, a non-interlace blocking section
3
, an individual field blocking section
4
, an orthogonal transform section
5
, a quantizing section
6
for quantizing a conversion coefficient at the output of the orthogonal transform section
5
, and coding section
7
.
In operation, a series of input image signals
100
, which are produced by the interlaced scanning method and applied to each field, are converted to a noninterlaced signal
101
in the non-interlacing section
1
as indicated in FIG.
2
(C). As shown, the pixels belonging to the odd field and the pixels belonging to the even field appear alternately in every other line.
When an object is stationary and the correlation between adjacent lines is high, it is effective to use a non-interlaced signal and to code the image signal in a block including components from both fields. FIG.
3
(A) shows an example of such a condition. On the other hand, when an object is moving, the correlation between adjacent lines is lowered and it is considered to be effective to execute the coding in units of individual fields. This is because a non-interlaced signal is used for the moving object results in discontinuation as shown in FIG.
3
(B), causing a power to be generated in high frequency coefficients during the transform coding. in this case, the blocking as indicated in FIG.
3
(C) is adequate.
Thus, the motion detector
2
detects the motion of an object and changes the operation when the object is detected as being stationary by a signal
103
indicating motion, to conduct the blocking shown in FIG.
3
(A) (hereinafter, this arrangement of FIG.
3
(A) is called the non-interlace blocking) in the non-interlace blocking circuit
3
. If the object is detected to be moving, the motion detector
2
changes the operation to conduct the blocking shown in FIG.
3
(C) (hereinafter, this arrangement of FIG.
3
(C) is called the individual field blocking) in the individual field blocking circuit
4
.
The blocks obtained by changing the blocking as explained above are subjected to the discrete cosine transformation (DCT) in the orthogonal transform section
5
. The transform coefficients obtained as described above are quantized in the quantizing section
6
, and a variable length code is assigned in the coding section
7
in accordance with the occurrence probability of respective events.
Since a conventional image coding system has been structured as described above, it has been difficult to realize the blocking utilizing the correlation between fields when an object is moving. Moreover, such a system has not utilized the property of different intensities in power distribution of the coefficients after conversion caused by the difference in arrangement of pixels within the block. In addition, there is the difference in power between the stationary blocks and moving blocks. the moving blocks having a high signal power which has not been utilized.
FIG. 4
is a block diagram of another conventional interframe predictive coding system described, for example, in the transactions on the 3rd HDTV International Work Shop, “A Study on HDTV Signal Coding with Motion Adaptive Noise Reduction” (Vol 3, 1989). In
FIG. 4
, this system comprises a frame memory
21
, a motion detecting section
22
, a subtracter
23
, a coding section
24
, a local decoding section
25
, an adder
26
and a multiplexing section
27
. Although omitted in this figure, the encoded data is decoded at a receiving side in order to reproduce the transmitted signal.
In operation, the motion of an object between the current field and the field of the same type of the preceding frame is detected block by block, the block consisting of a plurality of pixels of an input image signal
201
which is provided by the interlaced scanning method and formed of frames, each frame having both odd and even fields. The motion between odd fields is detected in the motion detecting section
22
by searching the block which has the most distinctive resemblance to the currently processing block among the already encoded blocks
202
, adjacent to the position corresponding to the currently processing block in the odd fields stored within the frame memory
21
. The degree of resemblance is evaluated by using an absolute sum of differential values or a square sum of differential values of the corresponding pixels in both blocks. The amount of motion in both horizontal and vertical directions between the current block and the block determined to be the most similar is provided as a motion vector
203
. The frame memory
21
outputs a motion compensated prediction signal
204
corresponding to this motion vector
203
.
A prediction error signal
205
obtained In the subtracter
23
by subtracting the motion compensated prediction signal
204
from the input signal
201
is applied to the coding circuit
24
in which the spatial redundancy is removed. Since low frequency components of an image signal generally occupy a greater part of the power thereof, information can be compressed by quantizing high power portions with a large number of bits and quantizing low power portions with a small number of bits. According to an example of this information compression method, the frequency conversion is carried out for an 8×8 pixels block by conducting an orthogonal transform such as a discrete cosine transform to scalar-quantize the transform coefficients. The scalar-quantized coding data
206
is sent to the local decoding section
25
and to the multiplexing section
27
. The multiplexing section
27
conducts multiplexing and encoding for the coding data
206
and the motion vector
203
to output these signals to a transmission line
209
.
Meanwhile, the local decoding circuit
25
executes the inverse operation of the operation in the coding section
24
, namely the inverse scalar quantization and inverse orthogonal transform to obtain a decoded error signal
207
. The motion compensated prediction signal
204
is added to the decoded error signal
207
in the adder
26
and stored in the frame memory
21
to detect motion of the odd field of the next frame.
In addition, the motion of the even fields of the input image signal
201
with respect to the already encoded field of the frame memory
21
is also detected for the coding of the motion compensated prediction error signal. As described above, in the conventional interframe predictive coding system, redundancy with respect to time included in moving image signals is removed by the motion compensated prediction coding and redundancy with respect to space is removed by the orthogonal transform.
Since the conventional interframe predictive coding sys
Asai Kohtaro
Murakami Tokumichi
Nishikawa Hirofumi
Yamada Yoshihisa
Couso Jose I.
Mitsubishi Denki & Kabushiki Kaisha
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