Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing – Biological cellular material tested
Patent
1997-05-19
1998-09-08
Scheiner, Toni R.
Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
Biological cellular material tested
436 8, 530544, C07K 114
Patent
active
058044493
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to methods for identifying homologous genes and gene products across species boundaries. The methods can also be used in comparing expression of gene products between different tissues or in different developmental stages of a single species.
BACKGROUND ART
Over the next decade and particularly the next 3-5 years, billions of dollars will be spent on sequencing the human genome and the genomes of a select number of lower organisms.
There are at present some 28 genome sequencing initiatives for mammalian species alone.
Sequencing initiatives presently expected to produce large quantities of fully sequenced genome within the next few years relate to the following species:
Already, one entire organism, Haemophilus influenzae, has been fully sequenced, (6).
The nature of life on earth means that all living organisms possess many genes in common. For example, humans share genes with slime moulds, bacteria, flies, parasites, plants, mice, sheep, cattle, cats, etc.
Within the next 5-10 years, scientists working with organisms which have not been sequenced but which are of medical, veterinary or economic importance, will be faced with a dilemma. That dilemma will be deciding how to access the mass of genetic data available for other organisms and apply it to their organism of interest.
A number of technologies exist for cross-species mapping of genes. They are unsuited to mapping large numbers of genes since they are highly labour and cost intensive, and inefficient.
The techniques that are available at present for detecting the presence of a particular gene within the genome of a different species are:
1) resequencing the genome in question. This is possibly the most efficient of the available technology, but it is extremely labour and cost intensive;
2) use of cross-species hybridisation (Southern Blot analysis). In phylogenetically removed species nucleotide sequence differences are expected between homologous genes. These can lead to negative results on Southern blots even if low stringency conditions are used. Furthermore, over the next few years the number of known genes will increase exponentially. Cross-species hybridisations for hundreds and thousands of genes would be totally impractical;
3) genes which maintain fixed chromosomal position across species loci in mammalian species, see Reference (1)!. Anchored reference loci represent conserved homologous loci having undergone little change in different species. Linkage mapping of all genes in a given species with respect to another would not be overly productive given our present limited genetic knowledge and would also constitute a highly cost and time intensive procedure. Unfortunately these loci are probably in a minority within genomes;
4) genes which have undergone little change during speciation and show no difference in their associated post-translational modification can be recognised by the similarity in position of their gene-products on 2D electrophoresis gels (Mr and pI). However, as stated in 3) it would appear that only a small minority of genes being compared fall into this category;
5) Use of degenerate primers in polymerase chain reactions (e.g. Reference 2). This technique is far from being effective in all cases (3). Several homologous genes must have already been identified across species boundaries before the technique can be used. Again, this approach is high in cost and labour if applied to a large number of genes. This technique can be of use once a gene has been cross-species mapped several times and one wishes to extend the mapping to other species.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides methods for cross-species mapping pf genes and gene products. The methods are useful in identifying the existence of homologous genes and gene products across species boundaries. They can also be applied to comparing expression of gene products between tissues within a single organism or between different developmental stages of a single organism. The methods of the inventi
REFERENCES:
patent: 4882268 (1989-11-01), Penman et al.
patent: 4885236 (1989-12-01), Penman et al.
patent: 5273877 (1993-12-01), Fey et al.
patent: 5547928 (1996-08-01), Wu et al.
J. Mol. Evol. (199188), 33,379,394, G. S. Spicer, "Molecular Evolution and Phylogeny of the Droisophila virilis Species Group as Inferred by Two dimensional Electrophoresis".
Electrophoresis, (1994), 15, 540-543, D.P. Dean, et al., "Spot transfer, elution and comigration with known proteins allows accurate transferral of protein identifications between distinct two-dimensional electrophoretic system".
Electrophoresis, (1992), 13, 893-959, J. E. Celis, et al., "The human Keratinocyte two-dimensional gel protein database(updae 1992): towards an intergrated approach to the study of cell proliferation, differentiation and skin diseases.", Entire Document.
"Evolutionary biochemistry of Proteins: Homologeous and analogous proteins from avian Egg Whites, Blood Sera, Milk and other substances", R. E. Freeney & R. G. Allison, Wiley-Interscience, New York 1969), pp. 20-23 and 125-126.
Methods in enzymology, (1993) 224, 113-121, D. Goldman and S. J. O'Brien, "Two-dimensional Protein Electrophoresis in Phylogenetic Studies.", Entire Document.
Electrophoresis, (1992), 13, 723-726, C. S. Baker, et al., "A human myocardial two-dimensional electrophoresis database: Protein characteristion by microsequencing and immunoblotting.", Entire Document.
Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. (1977), 8, 309-328, G. B. Johnson, "Assessing electrophoretic similarity: The Problem of Hidden Heterogeneity", Entire Document.
"Clinical Chemistry: Theory, analysis and correlation", second edition, St. Louis, Chapter 8, Electrophoresis, J. M. Brewer, pp. 140-152. See in particular pp. 148-149 (table 8-4)).
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (1993), 90, 3314-3318, S.M. Hanash, et al., "Data base analysis of protein expression patterns during T-cell ontogeny and activation."., Entire Document.
Zooligoical Science (1989), 6, 55-61, N. Kenmochi and K. Ogata, "A Comparative Study of 40S Ribosomal Proteins in Artemia Salina and Rat liver: Peptide analysis by limited proteolysis and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.", Entire Document.
Int. J. Biochem, (1986), 18 (12) 1073-1082, K. Han, et al., "Sequence Homology analysis of proteins by chemical cleavages using a mono and two dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis", Entire Document. See in particular pp. 1073 and 1074.
Isozymes: current topics in biological and medical research, (1982), 6, 1-32, J. A. Coyne, "Gel Electrophoresis and cryptic protein variation", Entire Document, in particular pp. 22-23.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, (1987) (May), 84, 3307-3311, D. Goldman, et al., "A molecular phylogeny of the hominoid primates as indicated by two-dimensional protein electrophoresis", Entire Document.
J. Mol. Evol. (1988), 27, 250-260, G. S. Spicer, "Molecular Evolution among Some Drosophilia Species Groups as indicated by Two Dimensional Electrophoresis.", p. 253, col. 1, line 3 through col. 2, line 3, p. 256, col. 2 and p. 258, cols. 1-2.
Molec. Gen. Genet. (1973), 124, 111-128, M. Geisser, et al., "Immunological and Electrophoretical Comparison of Ribosomal Proteins from Eight Species belonging to Entrobacteriaceae", Entire Document, particularly pp. 117, 120 and 122.
Nature Genetics, 1993, 3: 103-112.
Mol. Pharmacol., 1992, 42: 939-46.
Gene, 1992, 114: 127-132.
Cordwell S. J., et al., Electrophoresis 1995, 16, 435-443.
Electrophorsis, 1981, 2: 135-141.
Fleischmann R. D., et al., Science, vol. 269, 496-512.
Rabilloud T., Electrophoresis 1992, 13, 429-439.
Peterson, G.L., Anal Biochem, 1977, 83, 346-356.
O'Farrell, P.H., J. Biol. Chem 1975 250, 4007-4021.
O'Farrell, P.Z., Goodman, H.M. and O'Farrell, P.H., Cell 1977, 12, 1133-1142.
Humphery-Smith, I., Colas des Francs-Small, C., Ambart-Bretteville, F. and Remy, R. Electrophoresis 1992, 13, 168-172.
Shaw, 1993 PNAS 90: 5138-5142.
Adams, et al., (1992) Nature, vol. 355, pp. 632-634, "Sequence ide
Scheiner Toni R.
The University of Sydney
LandOfFree
Identification of homologous gene products across species bounda does not yet have a rating. At this time, there are no reviews or comments for this patent.
If you have personal experience with Identification of homologous gene products across species bounda, we encourage you to share that experience with our LandOfFree.com community. Your opinion is very important and Identification of homologous gene products across species bounda will most certainly appreciate the feedback.
Profile ID: LFUS-PAI-O-1281362