Drug – bio-affecting and body treating compositions – Immunoglobulin – antiserum – antibody – or antibody fragment,... – Structurally-modified antibody – immunoglobulin – or fragment...
Reexamination Certificate
1995-06-06
2003-12-02
Pak, Michael (Department: 1646)
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
Immunoglobulin, antiserum, antibody, or antibody fragment,...
Structurally-modified antibody, immunoglobulin, or fragment...
C424S130100, C424S133100, C424S142100, C424S145100, C514S002600, C514S008100, C530S350000, C530S387100, C530S387300, C530S395000
Reexamination Certificate
active
06656466
ABSTRACT:
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to processes for controlling the sialic acid content of glycoproteins produced in mammalian cell culture. The invention provides processes for increasing and decreasing the sialic acid content of glycoproteins produced by mammalian cell culture. The invention further relates to processes for producing tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-immunoglobulin (Ig) chimeras as well as novel TNFR1-IgG
1
preparations and their uses in the diagnosis and treatment of various inflammatory and immune disorders.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
Differences in glycosylation patterns of recombinantly produced glycoproteins have recently been the topic of much attention in the scientific community as recombinant proteins produced as probable prophylactics and therapeutics approach the clinic. The oligosaccharide side chains of the glycoproteins affect the protein's function (Wittwer A., and Howard, S. C. (1990) Biochem. 29:4175-4180) and the intramolecular interaction between portions of the glycoprotein resulting in the conformation and presented three dimensional surface of the glycoprotein (Hart, (1992) Curr. Op. Cell Biol., 4:1017-1023; Goochee, et al., (1991) Bio/Technology, 9:1347-1355; Parekh, R. B., (1991) Curr. Op. Struct. Biol., 1:750-754). Oligosaccharides may also serve to target a given polypeptide to certain structures based upon specific cellular carbohydrate receptors (Bevilacqua, M. P. and Nelson, R. M., (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 91:379-387; Nelson, R. M., et al., (1993) J. Clin. Invest. 91:1157-1166, Norgard, K. E. et al., (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1068-1072; Imai, Y. et al., (1993) Nature 361:555-557). The terminal sialic acid component of the glycoprotein oligosaccharide side chain affects absorption, serum half life, and clearance from the serum, as well as the physical, chemical and immunogenic properties of the glycoprotein(Parekh, R. B., supra; Varki, A., (1993) Glycobiology 3:97-100; Paulson, J. (1989), TIBS, 14:272-276; Goochee, et al., (1991) Biotechnology 9:1347-1355; Kobata, A, (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 209:483-501). It is therefore important to maintain the sialic acid content of glycoproteins, particularly of those proteins intended for use as therapeutics.
Much attention has been paid to the factors which affect glycosylation during recombinant protein production such as growth mode (adherent or suspension), fetal bovine serum in media formulation, culture density, oxygenation, pH, purification schemes and the like (Werner, R. and Noe, W. (1993), Drug Res. 43:1134-1249; Hayter et al., (1992) Biotech. and Bioeng. 39:327-335; Borys et al., (1994) Biotech and Bioeng. 43:505-514; Borys et al., (1993) Bio/technology 11:720-724; Hearing et al., (1989) J. Cell Biol. 108:339-353; Goochee et al., in Frontiers in Bioprocessing II, Todd et al., eds (1992) American Chemical Society pp.199-240; U.S. Pat. No. 5,096,816; Chotigeat, W., (1994) Cytotech. 15:217-221). Several groups have investigated the process parameters that surround the production of recombinant proteins and especially the effect of media composition in the production of recombinant proteins (Park et al., (1992) Biotech. Bioeng. 40:686-696; Cox and McClure, (1983) In Vitro, 19:1-6; Mizutani et al., (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 187:664-669; Le Gros et al., (1985) Lymph. Res. 4(3):221-227).
Addition of alkanoic acids such as butyric acid are known to effect the transient expression of foreign DNA in recombinant cell culture (Prasad, and Sinha, (1976) In Vitro, 12:125-132; Japanese Patent Application No. 62-48935; Japanese Patent Application No. 55-150440; Klehr et al., (19:92) Biochem. 31:3222-3229; Gorman, and Howard, (1983) Nucleic acid Res. 11:7631-7648). However, sodium butyrate has a range of effects on gene expression across various cell lines and media compositions (D'Anna et al., (1980) Biochem. 19:2656-2671; Hagopian, H. K., (1977) Cell 12:855-860) and protein production (Milhaud (1980) J. Cell. Physiol. 104:163-170; U. K. Patent Application No. GB 2 122 207 A) suggesting that butyrate may modify gene expression (Yuan et al., (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 3778-3783) or inhibit the expression of certain genes (Yuan et al., supra).
European Patent No. 0 239 292 B1 describes a process for the enhanced production of protein in the presence of an alkanoic acid or a salt thereof such as butyric acid. The publication, however, provides little guidance in selecting appropriate concentrations of the additive and further does not address the effect of the additive on protein glycosylation. Others have described that the addition of low levels (0-1.5 mM) of sodium butyrate to cell culture production medium to increase cell specific productivity leads to concomitant increases in acidic glycoforms (corresponding to increased sialic acid content) of the recombinant protein produced (Chotigeat, et al., (1994) Cytotech. 15:217-221).
Several groups have looked at the effects of osmolality on cell growth and polypeptide production (Ozturk and Palsson (1991) Biotech. and Bioeng. 37:989-993; Stubblefield et al., (1960) Cancer Research, 20:1646-1655; Garcia-Perez et al., (1989) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(28):16815-16821; Miner et al., (1981) Invasion Metastasis, 1:158-174; GB 2,251,249; EP 481, 791; U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,359; U.S. Pat. No. 4,724,206; U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,469; and WO 89/04867). Various osmolality ranges for cell growth or polypeptide production have been proposed. Generally, the osmolality of the cell culture medium is increased via the addition of NaCl or amino acids. Environmental stresses such as increased salt concentrations lead, in some instances, to increased cell product production. The notion that increased expression of mammalian protein products can be achieved in mammalian cell cultures through solute stress, e.g., the addition of salt, lactic acid, ammonia to the culture media has been reported (International Publication No. WO 89/04867). These stresses are generally growth inhibitory but favor cell specific productivity.
Others have discussed the effect of glucose concentration on cell growth and/or polypeptide production in recombinant cell culture. See, for example, Park et al., (1992) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 40:686-696; Huang et al., (1991) Journal of Biotechnology, 18:161-162; EP 387, 840; Reuveny et al., (1986) Journal of Immunological Methods, 86:53-59; Fine et al., (1976) In Vitro, 12(10):693-701; Dircks et al., (1987) Exp. Eye Res., 44:951-958; Mizutani et al., (1992) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 187(2):664-669; Sugiura, (1992) Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 39:953-959; WO 88/01643; Graf et al., (1989) DECHEMA Biotechnol. Conf., 3:615-618; Japanese Patent Application No. JP 1-101882; U.S. Pat. No. 3,926,723; WO 87/00195; and Fleischaker, Jr., Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pp. 196-229 (June 1982). However, the previous studies have not studied the effect of various process parameters on the sialic acid content of the mature protein, a factor in glycoprotein production that is tantamount to clinical success.
The present invention provides for processes for controlling the content of sialic acid of glycoproteins produced by mammalian cell culture.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present inventors have discovered that certain mammalian cell culture process parameters affect cell specific productivity as well as the extent and type of glycosylation of the proteins produced. More particularly, the present inventors have found that certain factors which enhance cell specific productivity have an inverse effect on the sialic acid content of the produced protein. The present inventors have therefore devised various cell culture processes to enrich particular glycoforms of glycoproteins produced in mammalian cell culture.
Accordingly, the invention provides for a process for controlling the sialic acid content of a glycoprotein produced by mammalian cell culture. According to this aspect of the invention, varying the production rate of the glycoprotein in the production phase
Etcheverry Tina
Ryll Thomas
Genetech, Inc.
Heller Ehrman White & McAuliffe LLP
Pak Michael
LandOfFree
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