Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; – Proteins – i.e. – more than 100 amino acid residues – Lymphokines – e.g. – interferons – interlukins – etc.
Reexamination Certificate
1999-07-01
2003-02-18
Mertz, Prema (Department: 1646)
Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins;
Proteins, i.e., more than 100 amino acid residues
Lymphokines, e.g., interferons, interlukins, etc.
C435S069100, C435S069700, C530S387300, C424S085100
Reexamination Certificate
active
06521742
ABSTRACT:
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an endokine alpha protein. In particular, isolated nucleic acid molecules are provided encoding the endokine alpha protein. Endokine alpha polypeptides are also provided, as are vectors, host cells and recombinant methods for producing the same.
Related Art
The cytokine known as tumor necrosis factor-&agr; (TNF&agr;; also termed cachectin) is a protein secreted primarily by monocytes and macrophages in response to endotoxin or other stimuli as a soluble homotrimer of 17 kD protein subunits (Smith, R. A. et al.,
J. Biol. Chem.
262:6951-6954 (1987)). A membrane-bound 26 kD precursor form of TNF has also been described (Kriegler, M. et al.,
Cell
53:45-53 (1988)).
Accumulating evidence indicates that TNF is a regulatory cytokine with pleiotropic biological activities. These activities include: inhibition of lipoprotein lipase synthesis (“cachectin” activity) (Beutler, B. et al.,
Nature
316:552 (1985)), activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Klebanoff, S. J. et al.,
J. Immunol.
136:4220 (1986); Perussia, B., et al.,
J. Immunol.
138:765 (1987)), inhibition of cell growth or stimulation of cell growth (Vilcek, J. et al.,
J. Exp. Med.
163:632 (1986); Sugarman, B. J. et al.,
Science
230:943 (1985); Lachman, L. B. et al.,
J. Immunol.
138:2913 (1987)), cytotoxic action on certain transformed cell types (Lachman, L. B. et al., supra; Darzynkiewicz, Z. et al.,
Canc. Res.
44:83 (1984)), antiviral activity (Kohase, M. et al.,
Cell
45:659 (1986); Wong, G. H. W. et al.,
Nature
323:819 (1986)), stimulation of bone resorption (Bertolini, D. R. et al.,
Nature
319:516 (1986); Saklatvala, J.,
Nature
322:547 (1986)), stimulation of collagenase and prostaglandin E2 production (Dayer, J.-M. et al.,
J. Exp. Med.
162:2163 (1985)); and immunoregulatory actions, including activation of T cells (Yokota, S. et al.,
J. Immunol.
140:531 (1988)), B cells (Kehrl, J. H. et al.,
J. Exp. Med.
166:786 (1987)), monocytes (Philip, R. et al.,
Nature
323:86 (1986)), thymocytes (Ranges, G. E. et al.,
J. Exp. Med.
167:1472 (1988)), and stimulation of the cell-surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules (Collins, T. et al.,
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
83:446 (1986); Pujol-Borrel, R. et al.,
Nature
326:304 (1987)).
TNF is noted for its pro-inflammatory actions which result in tissue injury, such as induction of procoagulant activity on vascular endothelial cells (Pober, J. S. et al.,
J. Immunol.
136:1680 (1986)), increased adherence of neutrophils and lymphocytes (Pober, J. S. et al.,
J. Immunol.
138:3319 (1987)), and stimulation of the release of platelet activating factor from macrophages, neutrophils and vascular endothelial cells (Camussi, G. et al.,
J. Exp. Med.
166:1390 (1987)).
Recent evidence implicates TNF in the pathogenesis of many infections (Cerami, A. et al.,
Immunol. Today
9:28 (1988)), immune disorders, neoplastic pathology, e.g., in cachexia accompanying some malignancies (Oliff, A. et al.,
Cell
50:555 (1987)), and in autoimmune pathologies and graft-versus host pathology (Piguet, P.-F. et al.,
J. Exp. Med.
166:1280 (1987)). The association of TNF with cancer and infectious pathologies is often related to the host's catabolic state. A major problem in cancer patients is weight loss, usually associated with anorexia. The extensive wasting which results is known as “cachexia” (Kern, K. A. et al.
J. Parent. Enter. Nutr.
12:286-298 (1988)). Cachexia includes progressive weight loss, anorexia, and persistent erosion of body mass in response to a malignant growth. The cachectic state is thus associated with significant morbidity and is responsible for the majority of cancer mortality. A number of studies have suggested that TNF is an important mediator of the cachexia in cancer, infectious pathology, and in other catabolic states.
TNF is thought to play a central role in the pathophysiological consequences of Gram-negative sepsis and endotoxic shock (Michie, H. R. et al.,
Br. J. Surg.
76:670-671 (1989); Debets, J. M. H. et al.,
Second Vienna Shock Forum,
p.463-466 (1989); Simpson, S. Q. et al.,
Crit. Care Clin.
5:27-47 (1989)), including fever, malaise, anorexia, and cachexia. Endotoxin is a potent monocyte/macrophage activator which stimulates production and secretion of TNF (Kornbluth, S. K. et al.,
J. Immunol.
137:2585-2591 (1986)) and other cytokines. Because TNF could mimic many biological effects of endotoxin, it was concluded to be a central mediator responsible for the clinical manifestations of endotoxin-related illness. TNF and other monocyte-derived cytokines mediate the metabolic and neurohormonal responses to endotoxin Michie, H. R. et al.,
N. Eng. J. Med
318:1481-1486 (1988)). Endotoxin administration to human volunteers produces acute illness with flu-like symptoms including fever, tachycardia, increased metabolic rate and stress hormone release (Revhaug, A. et al.,
Arch. Surg.
123:162-170 (1988)). Elevated levels of circulating TNF have also been found in patients suffering from Gram-negative sepsis (Waage, A. et al.,
Lancet
1:355-357 (1987); Hammerle, A. F. et al.,
Second Vienna Shock Forum
p. 715-718 (1989); Debets, J. M. H. et al.,
Crit. Care Med.
17:489-497 (1989); Calandra, T. et al.,
J. Infec. Dis.
161:982-987 (1990)).
Passive immunotherapy directed at neutralizing TNF may have a beneficial effect in Gram-negative sepsis and endotoxemia, based on the increased TNF production and elevated TNF levels in these pathology states, as discussed above.
Antibodies to a “modulator” material which was characterized as cachectin (later found to be identical to TNF) were disclosed by Cerami et al. (EPO Patent Publication 0,212,489, Mar. 4, 1987). Such antibodies were said to be useful in diagnostic immunoassays and in therapy of shock in bacterial infections. Rubin et al. (EPO Patent Publication 0,218,868, Apr. 22, 1987) disclosed monoclonal antibodies to human TNF, the hybridomas secreting such antibodies, methods of producing such antibodies, and the use of such antibodies in immunoassay of TNF. Yone et al. (EPO Patent Publication 0,288,088, Oct. 26, 1988) disclosed anti-TNF antibodies, including mAbs, and their utility in immunoassay diagnosis of pathologies, in particular Kawasaki's pathology and bacterial infection. The body fluids of patients with Kawasaki's pathology (infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome; Kawasaki, T.,
Allergy
16:178 (1967); Kawasaki, T.,
Shonica
(
Pediatrics
) 26:935 (1985)) were said to contain elevated TNF levels which were related to progress of the pathology (Yone et al., supra).
Other investigators have described mAbs specific for recombinant human TNF which had neutralizing activity in vitro (Liang, C-M. et al.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.
137:847-854 (1986); Meager, A. et al.,
Hybridoma
6:305-311 (1987); Fendly et al.,
Hybridoma
6:359-369 (1987); Bringman, T. S. et al.,
Hybridoma
6:489-507 (1987); Hirai, M. et al.,
J. Immunol. Meth.
96:57-62 (1987); Moller, A. et al. (
Cytokine
2:162-169 (1990)). Some of these mAbs were used to map epitopes of human TNF and develop enzyme immunoassays (Fendly et al., supra; Hirai et al., supra; Moller et al., supra) and to assist in the purification of recombinant TNF (Bringman et al., supra). However, these studies do not provide a basis for producing TNF neutralizing antibodies that can be used for in vivo diagnostic or therapeutic uses in humans, due to immunogenicity, lack of specificity and/or pharmaceutical suitability.
Neutralizing antisera or mAbs to TNF have been shown in mammals other than man to abrogate adverse physiological changes and prevent death after lethal challenge in experimental endotoxemia and bacteremia. This effect has been demonstrated, e.g., in rodent lethality assays and in primate pathology model systems (Mathison, J. C. et al.,
J. Clin. Invest.
81:1925-1937 (1988); Beutler, B. et al.,
Science
229:869-871 (1985); Tracey, K. J. et al.,
Nature
330:6
Ni Jian
Rosen Craig A.
Yu Guo-Liang
Human Genome Sciences Inc.
Mertz Prema
Sterne Kessler Goldstein & Fox P.L.L.C.
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