Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing – Involving an insoluble carrier for immobilizing immunochemicals
Patent
1996-10-28
1999-11-23
Chin, Christopher L.
Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
Involving an insoluble carrier for immobilizing immunochemicals
359 1, 359 3, 359 10, 359 30, 359 31, 359 32, 359 33, 359 34, 422 55, 422 57, 422 8205, 435 74, 4352871, 4352872, 4352887, 435808, 436164, 436165, 436527, 436805, G01N 33543, G01N 33552
Patent
active
059899239
DESCRIPTION:
BRIEF SUMMARY
This invention relates to a sensor. More particularly the invention relates to a sensor comprising an element which affects non-ionising radiation.
Sensors which are based on electrochemical and optical principles are known. They can be colourimetric, in that a chemical reaction causes a colour change which can be measured or visualised. Sensors incorporating this technique can be embodied as a simple, easy to use, consumer diagnostic device. Other optical techniques can be incorporated into sensors. These sensors can use surface plasmon resonance, phase change on total internal reflection, optical absorption, fluorescence or change of polarisation of light. These other optical techniques and electrochemical methods require instrumentation to analyse, interpret and present the data in a meaningful form.
Whilst the aforementioned colourimetric technique is simple, it is limited to only those chemical reactions which produce a colour change. In addition, the colourimetric method may not be directly applicable to specific immunological binding events where one of the species is, for example, an antibody or antigen.
European Patent Application EP-A2-0254575 (ARES SERONO RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT) describes a method of treating the surface of an optical structure by using an organic polymer and solvent. The solution may contain a liquid which then binds to the surface of the optical structure. The surface of the optical structure may have a diffraction grating applied to it.
International Patent Application WO-A1-8807203 (ARES SERONO RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT) describes a method of treating the surface of an optical structure by forming on the surface of the structure a thin layer of material, capable of cross-polymerising on exposure to light. The material may be in the form of a diffraction grating. The optical properties of the diffraction grating may be altered when complex formation occurs between a bound ligand and its specific binding partner. An optical structure incorporating this feature can form the basis of an assay method.
European Patent Application EP-A3-0112721 (COMTECH RESEARCH UNIT LIMITED) describes an assay technique in which optical properties of a surface of a structure are varied. The variation in the optical properties arises as a result of chemical binding of a species onto a thin film, which has been applied to the surface of said structure. Optical properties are compared before and after binding and/or variation of optical properties may be observed during binding.
International Patent Application WO-A1-9009576 (PLESSEY OVERSEAS LIMITED) describes a biosensor, for detection of a species. The sensor has a diffraction grating formed by a material coated on its surface. The optical properties of the diffraction grating vary upon interaction between the material forming the diffraction grating and the species to be detected.
An article entitled "Diffraction Physics Redefines Biosensors" by James Glanz of Idetek USA appeared in R & D Magazine, p.51, March 1993, describing a surface diffraction grating consisting of antibodies, formed by irradiating an original immobilised layer with a parallel striped pattern of UV light to leave unexposed stripes of active antibody.
European Patent Application EP-A3-0167335 (NICOLI AND ELINGS) describes a method of detecting a binding reaction between a ligand and anti-ligand whereby the optical properties of a grating formed from the anti-ligand surface stripes are altered by the process of binding.
A paper appearing in Sensors and Actuators, 15, 309-324, 1988 (SPOHN AND SEIFERT) describes the use of optical grating couplers as sensors whereby the optical properties of the couplers are altered by interaction of aqueous solutions with the grating via modification to refractive index in the environment of the grating structure.
All of the aforementioned documents describe devices and/or methods for detecting a species, wherein an optical property of the device or grating on the surface of the device, is varied by addition of the species (to be detected) to
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Blyth Jeffrey
Lowe Christopher Robin
Mayes Andrew Geoffrey
Millington Roger Bradley
BTG International Limited
Chin Christopher L.
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